Objective To explore the association between dietary patterns during pregnancy and excessive gestational weight gain (eGWG). Methods All participants were from the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort (TMCHC), which enrolled pregnant women during early pregnancy. Height and weight were measured, and pre-pregnancy weight and other basic information were collected through questionnaires at enrollment. Regular follow-up visits were conducted to monitor participants’ weight. Total eGWG was calculated by subtracting the pre-pregnancy weight from the last weight measured before delivery. Participants were categorized into appropriate, excessive, or insufficient weight gain. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns during pregnancy, and logistic regression was utilized to estimate the association between dietary patterns and the risk (OR) of eGWG. The Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) method was used to validate the association between dietary patterns and eGWG. Results Among 4815 pregnant women, 3010 (62.5%) experienced eGWG. Five major dietary patterns were identified: Vegetable, Meat-Rice-Wheat, Egg-Dairy-Nut, Bean-Fish, and Grain-Fruit-Snack-Mushroom. Compared to the lowest quartile (Q1), in the Vegetable pattern, the OR for eGWG in the Q4 group was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.99, P-trend=0.033), but in the Egg-Dairy- Nut pattern, the OR for eGWG in the Q4 group was 1.46 "Egg-Dairy-Nut" was an (95% CI: 1.21, 1.75, P-trend<0.001) when compared to Q1. The BKMR model confirmed that excessive intake of independent risk factor for eGWG, with dairy and nuts, especially excessive yogurt intake, significant contributing to eGWG. While increased intake of "Vegetable" was an independent protective factor, with the protective effect of orange-colored vegetables being particularly notable. Conclusion Pregnant women should be encouraged to follow a balanced dietary regimen,which includes avoiding excessive nut intake and limiting yogurt consumption, and increasing intake of vegetables, especially orange-colored vegetables in their diet.
Key words
pregnancy /
dietary patterns /
gestational weight gain
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