Objective To investigate the effects of different types of drinking water on lipid metabolism and liver damage in rats fed a high-fat diet. Methods The experimental waters, varying in total dissolved solids (TDS) and magnesium content, included tap water, purified water, and two types of natural mineral water. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups with the following interventions: the control group (TN) received tap water and basic feed, while the other groups were fed a high-fat diet combined with different types of water-tap water (TW), purified water (PW), natural mineral water 1 (VW) and natural mineral water 2 (SW). Daily water and food intakes were monitored, and body weight was measured weekly. After 20 weeks, blood and liver samples were collected. Liver weights, liver index, and serum biochemical markers including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPH-Px) were also evaluated, along with histological examination of liver sections. Results It was found that the groups given natural mineral water 1 (VW) and natural mineral water 2 (SW) displayed a better health status compared to the purified water group (PW). The VW and SW groups showed significantly lower body weight and liver weight compared to the PW group. These groups also had lower liver index and serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol, but higher HDL-cholesterol levels compared to the PW group. The serum ALT levels in the VW and SW groups, respectively, significantly lower than those in the PW group. Notably, the SW group exhibited lower MDA level and higher antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) compared to the PW group. The VW group also showed a significant decreased MDA level and an increased GSH-Px level compared to the PW group. Additionally, both VW and SW groups demonstrated a reduction in hepatic lipid droplet accumulation. Conclusion Natural mineral water helps reduce liver weight, liver index, and body weight increases caused by a high-fat diet, improves blood lipid levels, lessens hepatic steatosis, and enhances antioxidative capacity. Natural mineral water with higher magnesium content is particularly effective in regulating blood lipids and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities.
Key words
drinking water /
hyperlipidemia /
lipid metabolism /
antioxidation
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