[1] Black C J, Ford A C.Global burden of irritable bowel syndrome: trends, predictions and risk factors[J]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 17:473–486.
[2] Oka P, Parr H, Barberio B, et al. Global prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to Rome III or IV criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 5:908–917.
[3] Han L, Zhao L, Zhou Y, et al. Altered metabolome and microbiome features provide clues in understanding irritable bowel syndrome and depression comorbidity[J]. ISME J, 2022, 16:983–996.
[4] Kurokawa S, Kishimoto T, Mizuno S, et al. The effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on psychiatric symptoms among patients with irritable bowel syndrome, functional diarrhea and functional constipation: an open-label observational study[J]. J Affect Disord, 2018, 235:506–512.
[5] Mearin F, Lacy B E, Chang L, ,et al. Bowel disorders[J]. Gastroenterology. Bowel disorders[J]. Gastroenterology, 2016, 150:1393–1407.e5.
[6] Aguilera-Lizarraga J, Hussein H, Boeckxstaens G E.Immune activation in irritable bowel syndrome: what is the evidence?[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2022, 22:674–686.
[7] Paine P.Review article: current and future treatment approaches for pain in IBS[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2021, 54(Suppl 1):S75–S88.
[8] Lacy B E, Pimentel M, Brenner D M, et al. ACG clinical guideline: management of irritable bowel syndrome[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2021, 116:17–44.
[9] Kamal A, Pimentel M.Influence of dietary restriction on irritable bowel syndrome[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2019, 114:212–220.
[10] Mckenzie Y A, Bowyer R K, Leach H, et al. British dietetic association systematic review and evidence-based practice guidelines for the dietary management of irritable bowel syndrome in adults (2016 update)[J]. J Hum Nutr Diet, 2016, 29:549–575.
[11] Rodino-Janeiro B K, Vicario M, Alonso-Cotoner C, et al. A review of microbiota and irritable bowel syndrome: future in therapies[J]. Adv Ther, 2018, 35：289–310.
[12] Guo Q, Lin H, Chen P, et al. Dynamic changes of intestinal flora in patients with irritable bowel syndrome combined with anxiety and depression after oral administration of enterobacteria capsules[J]. Bioen-gineered, 2021, 12:11885–11897.
[13] Mishima Y, Ishihara S.Molecular mechanisms of mic-robiota-mediated pathology in irritable bowel syndrome[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21:8664.
[14] Cao Y N, Feng L J, Liu Y Y, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant on serotonin transporter expression in rats with post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2018, 24:338–350.
[15] Zhou C, Fang X, Xu J, et al. Bifidobacterium longum alleviates irritable bowel syndrome-related visceral hypersensitivity and microbiota dysbiosis via paneth cell regulation[J]. Gut Microbes, 2020, 12:1782156.
[16] Staudacher H M, Ralph F S E, Irving P M, et al. Nutrient intake, diet quality, and diet diversity in irritable bowel syndrome and the impact of the low FODMAP diet[J]. J Acad Nutr Diet, 2020, 120:535–547.
[17] Galica A N, Galica R, Dumitrascu D L.Diet, fibers, and probiotics for irritable bowel syndrome[J]. J Med Life, 2022, 15:174–179.
[18] Dimidi E, Whelan K.Food supplements and diet as treatment options in irritable bowel syndrome[J]. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2020, 32:e13951.
[19] Mehtab W, Agarwal A, Singh N, et al. All that a physician should know about FODMAPs[J]. Indian J Gastroenterol, 2019, 38:378–390.
[20] De Palma G, Shimbori C, Reed D E, et al. Histamine production by the gut microbiota induces visceral hyperalgesia through histamine 4 receptor signaling in mice[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2022, 14：eabj1895.
[21] Singh P, Grabauskas G, Zhou S Y, et al. High FODMAP diet causes barrier loss via lipopolysaccharide-mediated mast cell activation[J]. JCI Insight, 2021, 6:e146529.
[22] Altenbernd F, Schwarz L, Lipowicz B, et al. Myrrh and chamomile flower extract inhibit mediator release from IgE-stimulated mast-cell-like RBL-2H3 Cells[J]. Plants (Basel), 2022, 11:3422.
[23] Russo F, Riezzo G, Orlando A, et al. A comparison of the low-FODMAPs diet and a tritordeum-based diet on the gastrointestinal symptom profile of patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea variant (IBS-D): a randomized controlled trial[J]. Nutrients, 2022, 14:1544.
[24] Wiffin M, Smith L, Antonio J, et al. Effect of a short-term low fermentable oligiosaccharide, disaccha- ride, monosaccharide and polyol (FODMAP) diet on exercise-related gastrointestinal symptoms[J]. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 2019, 16:1.
[25] So D, Loughman A, Staudacher H M.Effects of a low FODMAP diet on the colonic microbiome in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2022, 116:943–952.
[26] Zhang Y, Feng L, Wang X, et al. Low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols diet compared with traditional dietary advice for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a parallel-group, randomized controlled trial with analysis of clinical and microbiological factors associated with patient outcomes[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2021, 113:1531–1545.
[27] Liu J, Chey W D, Haller E, et al. Low-FODMAP diet for irritable bowel syndrome: what we know and what we have yet to learn[J]. Annu Rev Med, 2020, 71:303–314.
[28] Eswaran S, Dolan R D, Ball S C, et al. The impact of a 4-week low-FODMAP and mNICE diet on nutrient intake in a sample of US adults with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea[J]. J Acad Nutr Diet, 2020, 120:641–649.
[29] So D, Yao C K, Ardalan Z S, ,et al. Supplementing dietary fibers with a low FODMAP diet in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled crossover trial[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Supplementing dietary fibers with a low FODMAP diet in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled crossover trial[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, 20:2112–2120.e7.
[30] Moayyedi P, Quigley E M, Lacy B E, et al. The effect of fiber supplementation on irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Am J Gastroent-erol, 2014, 109:1367–1374.
[31] Miller V, Lea R, Agrawal A, et al. Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: the primary-care perspective[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2006, 38:737–740.
[32] Barboi O B, Chirila I, Ciortescu I, et al. Inulin, choline and silymarin in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation-randomized case-control study[J]. J Clin Med, 2022, 11:2248.
[33] Micka A, Siepelmeyer A, Holz A, et al. Effect of consumption of chicory inulin on bowel function in healthy subjects with constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2017, 68:82–89.
[34] Gunn D, Abbas Z, Harris H C, et al. Psyllium reduces inulin-induced colonic gas production in IBS: MRI and in vitro fermentation studies[J]. Gut, 2022, 71:919–927.
[35] Major G, Murray K, Singh G, et al. Demonstration of differences in colonic volumes, transit, chyme consistency, and response to psyllium between healthy and constipated subjects using magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2018, 30:e13400.
[36] Yasukawa Z, Inoue R, Ozeki M, et al. Effect of repeated consumption of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on fecal characteristics and gut microbiota: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and parallel-group clinical trial[J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11:2170.
[37] Remes-Troche J M, Taboada-Liceaga H, Gill S,et al. Nopal fiber (Opuntia ficus-indica) improves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome in the short term: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2021, 33:e13986.
[38] Curro D. Current evidence on the therapeutic use of fiber in irritable bowel syndrome[J]. Expert Rev Gastroent-erol Hepatol, 2022, 16：425－436.
[39] Yan R, Andrew L, Marlow E, et al. Dietary fibre intervention for gut microbiota, sleep, and mental health in adults with irritable bowel syndrome: a scoping review[J]. Nutrients, 2021, 13:2159.
[40] Casseb G a S, Kaster M P, Rodrigues A L S. Potential role of vitamin D for the management of depression and anxiety[J]. CNS Drugs, 2019, 33:619–637.
[41] Mogire R M, Mutua A, Kimita W, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Lancet Glob Health, 2020, 8:e134–e142.
[42] Khayyat Y, Attar S.Vitamin D deficiency in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: does it exist?[J]. Oman Med J, 2015, 30:115–118.
[43] Chong R I H, Yaow C Y L, Loh C Y L, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, 37：993–1003.
[44] Sprake E F, Grant V A, Corfe B M. Vitamin D3 as a novel treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: single case leads to critical analysis of patient-centred data[J]. BMJ Case Rep, 2012, 2012:bcr-2012–007223.
[45] Khalighi Sikaroudi M, Mokhtare M, Janani L, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients: the effects on symptoms improvement, serum corticotropin-releasing hormone, and interleukin-6 - a randomized clinical trial[J]. Complement Med Res, 2020, 27:302–309.
[46] Jalili M, Vahedi H, Poustchi H, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial[J]. Int J Prev Med, 2019, 10:16.
[47] Alvi H, Ali G, Iqbal S, et al. Role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in irritable bowel syndrome patients[J]. J Family Med Prim Care, 2022, 11:7975–7978.
[48] Fakhoury H M A, Kvietys P R, Alkattan W, et al. Vitamin D and intestinal homeostasis: barrier, microbiota, and immune modulation[J]. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2020, 200：105663.
[49] Camilleri M, Lasch K, Zhou W.Irritable bowel syndrome: methods, mechanisms, and pathophysiology. The conf-luence of increased permeability, inflammation, and pain in irritable bowel syndrome[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2012, 303:G775–785.
[50] Patrick RP, Ames BN.Vitamin D hormone regulates serotonin synthesis. Part 1: relevance for autism[J]. FASEB J, 2014, 28:2398–2413.
[51] Abbasnezhad A, Amani R, Hajiani E, et al. Effect of vitamin D on gastrointestinal symptoms and health- related quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial[J]. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2016, 28:1533–1544.
[52] El Amrousy D, Hassan S, El Ashry H, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome: Is it useful? A randomized controlled trial[J]. Saudi J Gastroenterol, 2018, 24:109–114.
[53] Wen Y, Jiang M Z.Role of vitamin D in pediatric irritable bowel syndrome[J]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi, 2021, 23:310–314.
[54] Michalak A, Mosinska P, Fichna J.Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives: therapeutic value for inflammatory, functional gastrointestinal disorders, and colorectal cancer[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2016, 7:459.
[55] Goldberg R J, Katz J.A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain[J]. Pain, 2007, 129:210–223.
[56] Meister D, Ghosh S.Effect of fish oil enriched enteral diet on inflammatory bowel disease tissues in organ culture: differential effects on ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2005, 11:7466–7472.
[57] Sanders A E, Weatherspoon E D, Ehrmann B M, et al. Ratio of Omega-6/Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids associated with somatic and depressive symptoms in people with painful temporomandibular disorder and irritable bowel syndrome[J]. J Pain, 2022, 23:1737–1748.
[58] Liu Y, Chen F, Odle J, et al. Fish oil enhances intestinal integrity and inhibits TLR4 and NOD2 signaling pathways in weaned pigs after LPS challenge[J]. J Nutr, 2012, 142:2017–2024.
[59] Arita M, Yoshida M, Hong S, et al. Resolvin E1, an endogenous lipid mediator derived from omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid, protects against 2,4,6- trini-trobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005, 102:7671–7676.
[60] Feng R, Ma L J, Wang M, et al. Oxidation of fish oil exacerbates alcoholic liver disease by enhancing intestinal dysbiosis in mice[J]. Commun Biol, 2020, 3:481.
[61] Clarke G, Fitzgerald P, Hennessy A A, et al. Marked elevations in pro-inflammatory polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites in females with irritable bowel syndrome[J]. J Lipid Res, 2010, 51:1186–1192.
[62] Cenac N, Bautzova T, Le Faouder P, ,et al. Quantification. Quantification and potential functions of endogenous agonists of transient receptor potential channels in patients with irritable bowel syndrome[J]. Gastroenterology, 2015, 149:433–444.e7.
[63] Serra J L, Rodrigues A, De Freitas R A, et al. Alternative sources of oils and fats from Amazonian plants: fatty acids, methyl tocols, total carotenoids and chemical composition[J]. Food Res Int, 2019, 116:12–19.
[64] Saini R K, Keum Y S.Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: dietary sources, metabolism, and significance - a review[J]. Life Sci, 2018, 203:255-267.
[65] Choque B, Catheline D, Rioux V, et al. Linoleic acid: between doubts and certainties[J]. Biochimie, 2014, 96:14–21.
[66] Erdinest N, Shmueli O, Grossman Y, et al. Anti-inflam-matory effects of alpha linolenic acid on human corneal epithelial cells[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53:4396–4406.
[67] Stenlund H, Nilholm C, Chorell E, et al. Metabolic profiling of plasma in patients with irritable bowel syndrome after a 4-week starch-and sucrose-reduced diet[J]. Metabolites, 2021, 11:440.
[68] Lee S E, Lim J W, Kim J M, et al. Anti-inflammatory mechanism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in helico- bacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells[J]. Mediators Inflamm, 2014, 2014:128919.
[69] Chen P Y, Wang J, Lin Y C, et al. 18-carbon polyun-saturated fatty acids ameliorate palmitate-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in mouse C2C12 myotubes[J]. J Nutr Biochem, 2015, 26:521–531.
[70] IBD in EPIC study Investigators, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, et al. Linoleic acid, a dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and the aetiology of ulcerative colitis: a nested case-control study within a European prospective cohort study[J]. Gut, 2009, 58:1606–1611.