Objective To evaluate the effects of different macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) intervention on blood glucose fluctuation in healthy individuals, providing scientific evidence for the prevention and management of diabetes. Methods A single-center, open-label, self-controlled trial was designed, and 9 healthy adult volunteers were recruited, including 4 males and 5 females, with an average age of (24.44±1.67) years. Participants were administered 20-25 minutes before lunch and dinner glucose solution, fat solution, or protein solution, which provided the same energy content (80 kcal) in 250 ml volume. The water was treated as the control. The blood glucose fluctuations were observed by a continuous blood glucose monitor. The trial lasted for 15 days, including introduction, intervention, and control periods. Blood glucose fluctuation magnitude, blood glucose curve incremental area, blood glucose peak time, and time within glucose target range were calculated. Paired t-test, independent t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, or Kruskal-Wallis H test were performed. Results Compared to the water control group, the combined intervention by protein, fat, and carbohydrate (n=27) showed a significant reduction in incremental area of blood glucose curve at 4 hours after dinner (P=0.025), a significant increase in peak time of postprandial blood glucose after dinner (P=0.017), and a significant increase in time within glucose target range (P=0.001). Compared to the pre-intervention levels, the peak time of postprandial blood glucose after dinner was significantly extended (P=0.012), and continuous overlapping net glycemic action for 2 hours (CONGA2) significantly decreased in the protein group (P=0.035). A significant improvement in time within glucose target range (P=0.010) was observed, but area under the blood glucose curve for entire day (AUC) and mean blood glucose level for entire day (MEAN) significantly increased in the fat group. In the carbohydrate group, incremental area of blood glucose curve at 4 hours was significantly decreased after lunch and dinner (P<0.001), and time within glucose target range and CONGA2 significantly improved (P<0.05). Conclusion Pre-meal macronutrient interventions effectively improve blood glucose fluctuations in healthy individuals, in which pre-meal protein intervention shows a better action.
Key words
pre-meal intervention /
macro nutrients /
blood glucose fluctuation /
continuous blood glucose monitoring
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