Objective To observe the effects of high-fat diet combined with continuous illumination on arteriosclerosis- related blood lipid indexes, aortic sclerosis and cardiac function in SD rats, and explore its possible mechanisms. Methods Thirty-two SD male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: Group A, control group (regular diet + normal illumination); Group B, continuous illumination group (regular diet + continuous illumination); Group C, high-fat diet group (high fat diet + normal illumination); Group D, high-fat diet combined with continuous illumination group (high-fat diet + continuous illumination). Rats were fed for 12 weeks. The differences in body weight, blood glucose (BS), fasting insulin (Ins), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), blood lipids [total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG)], arteriosclerosis-related blood lipid indexes [plasma arteriosclerosis index (AIP), atherogenic index (AI), lipoprotein combine index (LCI), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) , total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C)], and plasma inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor -α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL) were compared. At the same time, the morphological changes of aortic sclerosis were observed, and the protein and gene expressions of profilin-1 in aorta were analyzed. Cardiac function indexes [heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular short axis shortening rate (LVFS)] were observed. Results (1) The rats fed with high-fat diet combined with continuous illumination had the highest levels of body weight, Ins, HOMA-IR, BS and TC, LDL-C, and the lowest level of HDL-C. Among them, the body weight, Ins, HOMA-IR and TC were all higher in group D than in the other three groups (all P<0.05), the BS was higher than the control and continuous illumination group (all P<0.05), the LDL-C was higher than the control group (all P<0.05), and the HDL-C was lower than the control and continuous illumination group (P<0.05). (2) The rats fed with high-fat diet combined with continuous illumination had the highest levels of AI, LCI, non-HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, TNF-α and IL-6. Among them, the AI, non-HDL-C, TC/HDL-C and TNF-α were higher in group D than in the other three groups (all P<0.05), the LCI, LDL-C/HDL-C, IL-6 were higher than the control and illumination group (all P<0.05), and the AIP was higher than the control group (P<0.05). (3) In rats treated with high-fat diet combined with continuous illumination, HE staining showed that the aorta was the most severely damaged, and the thickness of the aorta wall was greater than the other three groups (all P<0.05), the expressions of profilin-1 protein and gene in aorta were higher than the other three groups (all P<0.05). (4) The rats treated with high-fat diet combined with continuous illumination had the highest HR (P<0.05). LVEF, LVFS and SV were the lowest. In addition, its CO was lower than the high-fat diet group (P<0.05). Conclusion High-fat diet combined with continuous illumination not only affects glucose and lipid metabolism but also impairs the integrity of aortic vascular wall and increases the expression of aortic profilin-1 protein and gene in rats.