Objective To investigate the characteristics of fluid intake, urine output and hydration status among young males from Tianjin and Shanghai in different seasons, and to analyze the influencing factors. Methods A total of 289 male subjects aged 18-35 years were recruited from Shanghai and Tianjin during the surveys conducted in March, June, July, and December in 2024.Information on daily fluid intake and urination behaviors was recorded using a 24-hour drinking and urination questionnaire over three consecutive days. Urine samples were collected and volumetrically measured using graduated urine collection bottles. Hydration status was measured by using freezing point osmometry to test the osmolality of morning and afternoon urines for three days. The body composition was tested with a bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA). Results The median values for total fluid intake (TFI), urine volume, and urine frequency were 1415 ml, 1040 ml, and 6 times, respectively. The median urine osmolality values were 977 mOsm/kg (morning) and 918 mOsm/kg (afternoon), corresponding to dehydration prevalence of 84.1% (morning) and 66.7% (afternoon). Based on the average outdoor temperature(T) measured during the survey period, participants from the two cities were divided into two groups: T≤28℃ and T>28℃.Compared with the T≤28℃ group, the T>28℃ group had higher TFI (Shanghai: Z=6.49, P<0.01; Tianjin: Z = 6.55, P<0.01), lower urine volume (Shanghai: Z =–5.85, P<0.01; Tianjin: Z =–8.54, P<0.01) and frequency (Shanghai: Z =–4.08, P<0.01; Tianjin: Z =–12.76, P<0.01), and higher afternoon urine dehydration prevalence (Shanghai: χ2 =5.99, P<0.05; Tianjin: χ2=27.27, P<0.01). No significant differences were observed in morning urine dehydration prevalence between different temperature groups. There were no significant differences in total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) between different temperature groups, while the T>28°C group had lower intracellular water (ICW) (Shanghai: Z=2.25, P<0.05; Tianjin: Z=2.37, P<0.05) and higher ECW/ICW (Shanghai: t=–4.06, P<0.01; Tianjin: t=–4.47, P<0.01) and ECW/TBW (Shanghai: t =–3.81, P<0.01; Tianjin: t =–4.45, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis revealed that exposure to the ambient temperatures higher than 28℃ was significantly associated with higher risk of dehydration for both morning urine (OR = 2.59, 95%CI: 1.60-4.20) and afternoon urine (OR = 5.13, 95%CI: 3.28-8.00). TFI more than 2000ml reduced the risk of dehydration for morning urine (OR=0.50, 95%CI: 0.25-0.98). Higher proportion of soup intake reduced the risk of dehydration for afternoon urine (OR =1.24, 95%CI: 1.02-1.50). The proportion of other types of liquid intake had no significant impact on the risk of dehydration. Conclusion Young males in Tianjin and Shanghai commonly exhibit inadequate water consumption and a high dehydration incidence. Higher outdoor temperatures increase the risk of dehydration. Daily water intake exceeding 2000 ml decreases the risk of dehydration.
Key words
fluid intake /
hydration status /
dehydration /
urine osmolality
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