[1] Chen L, Woo J, Assantachai P, et al. Asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment[J]. J Am Med Dir Assoc,2020, 21: 300–307.
[2] Chen Z, Li W, Ho M, et al. The prevalence of sarcopenia in chinese older adults: meta-analysis and meta-regression[J]. Nutrients,2021, 13:1441.
[3] Sun J, Yuan W, Chen M, et al. Possible sarcopenia and its risk factors in a home for seniors in Shanghai[J]. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr,2023, 32: 70–76.
[4] Balshem H, Helfand M, Schunemann HJ, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence[J]. J Clin Epidemiol,2011, 64: 401–406.
[5] 中国营养学会. 中国居民膳食指南(2022)[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 2022.
[6] 孙建琴,张坚,常翠青,等. 肌肉衰减综合征营养与运动干预中国专家共识(节录)[J]. 营养学报,2015, 37: 320–324.
[7] Coelho-Junior HJ, Calvani R, Azzolino D, et al. Protein intake and sarcopenia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health,2022, 19:8718.
[8] Ran X, Zhai J, Xu M, et al. Association of diet quality with the risk of sarcopenia based on the Chinese diet balance index 2016: a cross-sectional study among Chinese adults in Henan Province[J]. BMC Public Health,2023, 23: 2017.
[9] Yokoyama Y, Kitamura A, Seino S, et al. Association of nutrient-derived dietary patterns with sarcopenia and its components in community-dwelling older Japanese: a cross-sectional study[J]. Nutr J, 2021, 20: 7.
[10] Calvani R, Picca A, Coelho-Junior HJ, et al. Diet for the prevention and management of sarcopenia[J]. Metabolism,2023, 146: 155637.
[11] Besora-Moreno M, Llaurado E, Valls R M, et al. Antioxidant-rich foods, antioxidant supplements, and sarcopenia in old-young adults >/=55 years old: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials[J]. Clin Nutr, 2022, 41: 2308–2324.
[12] Xu D, Lu Y, Yang X, et al. Effects of fish oil-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on body composition, muscle strength and physical performance in older people: a secondary analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Age Ageing,2022, 51:afac274.
[13] Bloom I, Shand C, Cooper C, et al. Diet quality and sarcopenia in older adults: a systematic review[J]. Nutrients,2018, 10:308.
[14] Mazza E, Ferro Y, Maurotti S, et al. Association of dietary patterns with sarcopenia in adults aged 50 years and older[J]. Eur J Nutr,2024, 63: 1651–1662.
[15] Diao H, Yan F, He Q, et al. Association between dietary inflammatory index and sarcopenia: a meta-analysis[J]. Nutrients,2023, 15:219.
[16] 中国营养学会. 中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 2023.
[17] Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group[J]. J Am Med Dir Assoc,2013, 14: 542–559.
[18] Deutz NEP, Bauer JM, Barazzoni R, et al. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group[J]. Clin Nutr,2014, 33: 929–936.
[19] Song X, Wang H, Su C, et al. Distribution of daily protein intake and appendicular skeletal muscle mass in healthy free-living Chinese older adults[J]. Eur J Nutr,2024, 63: 1747–1757.
[20] 赵方蕾,房红芸,赵丽云,等. 2015年中国65岁及以上老年人膳食能量及宏量营养素摄入现状[J]. 卫生研究. 2021, 50: 37–45.
[21] Hettiarachchi J, Reijnierse EM, Kew N, et al. The effect of dose, frequency, and timing of protein supplementation on muscle mass in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Ageing Res Rev,2024, 99: 102325.
[22] Cereda E, Pisati R, Rondanelli M, et al. Whey protein, leucine- and vitamin-d-enriched oral nutritional supplementation for the treatment of sarcopenia[J]. Nutrients,2022, 14:1524.
[23] Cereda E, Veronese N, Caccialanza R.Role of muscle-targeted nutritional therapy: new data[J]. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care,2022, 25: 142–153.
[24] Martinez-Arnau FM, Fonfria-Vivas R, Cauli O.Beneficial effects of leucine supplementation on criteria for sarcopenia: a systematic review[J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11:2504.
[25] Lee SY, Lee HJ, Lim J.Effects of leucine-rich protein supplements in older adults with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Arch Gerontol Geriatr,2022, 102: 104758.
[26] Bear DE, Langan A, Dimidi E, et al. beta-Hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and its impact on skeletal muscle mass and physical function in clinical practice: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2019, 109: 1119–1132.
[27] Dirks-Naylor AJ, Lennon-Edwards S.The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle function and cellular signaling[J]. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol,2011, 125: 159–168.
[28] Luo S, Chen X, Hou L, et al. The relationship between sarcopenia and vitamin D levels in adults of different ethnicities: findings from the West China Health and Aging Trend Study[J]. J Nutr Health Aging,2021, 25: 909–913.
[29] Chen L, Arai H, Assantachai P, et al. Roles of nutrition in muscle health of community-dwelling older adults: evidence-based expert consensus from Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia[J]. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle,2022, 13: 1653–1672.
[30] Huang Y, Chiu W, Hsu Y, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle performance among the elderly: a meta-analysis[J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12:3739.
[31] Zhang Y, Guo H, Liang J, et al. Relationship between dietary omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids level and sarcopenia. a meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. Front Nutr,2021, 8: 738083.
[32] Prokopidis K, Giannos P, Kirwan R, et al. Impact of probiotics on muscle mass, muscle strength and lean mass: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle,2023, 14: 30–44.
[33] Buigues C, Fernandez-Garrido J, Pruimboom L, et al. Effect of a prebiotic formulation on frailty syndrome: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial[J]. Int J Mol Sci,2016, 17:932.
[34] Bauer J M, Verlaan S, Bautmans I, et al. Effects of a vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement on measures of sarcopenia in older adults, the PROVIDE study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[J]. J Am Med Dir Assoc,2015, 16(9): 740–747.
[35] 孙建琴. 分离乳清蛋白加HMB、VD3联合运动康复干预对老年肌少症多中心随机对照临床研究[N].中国食品报, 2025-01-03(1).
[36] 沈妍交,郝秋奎,张蒙,等. 老年肌少症综合干预循证临床实践指南[J].中国循证医学杂志,2024, 24: 378–384.
[37] 中华医学会老年医学分会,中华老年医学杂志编辑委员会. 老年人肌少症口服营养补充中国专家共识(2019)[J]. 中华老年医学杂志,2019(11): 1193–1197.
[38] 孙世容,黄佳. 基于脾虚理论探讨肌少症病机治法[J]. 中医药临床杂志,2023,35: 2345–2349.
[39] 陈颖颖,温春瑜,焦萁荟. 补中益气汤加减对老年肌少症患者炎症因子的影响[J]. 中国医药科学,2021, 11: 13–16.
[40] 梁清月,王仲,刘戎,等. 加减八珍汤联合营养支持治疗老年骨骼肌减少症疗效观察[J]. 中国中西医结合杂志,2019, 39: 821–825.
[41] 王琪,白晋锋,刘自双,等. 四君子汤加味联合弹力带训练治疗老年肌少症脾胃气虚证的疗效观察[J]. 中医药导报,2022, 28: 39–44.
[42] Mo Y, Zhou Y, Chan H, et al. The association between sedentary behaviour and sarcopenia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. BMC Geriatr,2023, 23: 877.
[43] Sanchez-Sanchez JL, He L, Morales JS, et al. Association of physical behaviours with sarcopenia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. Lancet Healthy Longev,2024, 5: e108–e119.
[44] Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour[J]. Br J Sports Med,2020, 54: 1451–1462.
[45] Ramsey KA, Rojer AGM, D'Andrea L, et al. The association of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior with skeletal muscle strength and muscle power in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Ageing Res Rev,2021, 67: 101266.
[46] Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, et al. International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): screening, diagnosis and management[J]. J Nutr Health Aging,2018, 22: 1148–1161.
[47] Chen N, He X, Feng Y, et al. Effects of resistance training in healthy older people with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act,2021, 18: 23.
[48] Wang H, Huang WY, Zhao Y.Efficacy of exercise on muscle function and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health,2022, 19:8212.
[49] Shen Y, Shi Q, Nong K, et al. Exercise for sarcopenia in older people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis[J]. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle,2023, 14: 1199–1211.
[50] Negm A M, Lee J, Hamidian R, et al. Management of sarcopenia: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. J Am Med Dir Assoc,2022, 23: 707–714.
[51] Hou L, Lei Y, Li X, et al. Effect of protein supplementation combined with resistance training on muscle mass, strength and function in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Nutr Health Aging,2019, 23: 451–458.
[52] Lucassen EA, de Mutsert R, le Cessie S, et al. Poor sleep quality and later sleep timing are risk factors for osteopenia and sarcopenia in middle-aged men and women: The NEO study[J]. PLoS One,2017, 12: e176685.
[53] Prokopidis K, Witard OC.Understanding the role of smoking and chronic excess alcohol consumption on reduced caloric intake and the development of sarcopenia[J]. Nutr Res Rev,2022, 35: 197–206.
[54] Yanagita M, Willcox BJ, Masaki KH, et al. Disability and depression: investigating a complex relation using physical performance measures[J]. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry,2006, 14: 1060-1068.
[55] Mcdonald CK, Ankarfeldt MZ, Capra S, et al. Lean body mass change over 6 years is associated with dietary leucine intake in an older Danish population[J]. Br J Nutr,2016, 115: 1556–1562.
[56] 张坚,赵文华,陈君石. 适老食品的概念与发展方向[J]. 中华预防医学杂志,2023,57: 1915–1917.
[57] 崔红元,朱明炜,陈伟,等. 中国老年住院患者营养状态的多中心调查研究[J]. 中华老年医学杂志, 2021,40: 364–369.
[58] 中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会老年营养支持学组. 中国老年患者肠外肠内营养应用指南(2020)[J]. 中华老年医学杂志,2020,39: 119–132.
[59] Mao Y, Wu J, Liu G, et al. Chinese expert consensus on prevention and intervention for the elderly with malnutrition (2022)[J]. Aging Med (Milton),2022, 5: 191–203.
[60] 刘娟,丁清清,周白瑜,等. 中国老年人肌少症诊疗专家共识(2021)[J]. 中华老年医学杂志,2021,40: 943–952.
[61] Veronese N, Stubbs B, Punzi L, et al. Effect of nutritional supplementations on physical performance and muscle strength parameters in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Ageing Res Rev,2019, 51: 48–54.
[62] Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement[J]. Obes Facts,2022, 15: 321–335.
[63] Benz E, Pinel A, Guillet C, et al. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and mortality among older people[J]. JAMA Netw Open,2024, 7: e243604.
[64] Donini L M, Busetto L, Bauer J M, et al. Critical appraisal of definitions and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity based on a systematic review[J]. Clin Nutr,2020, 39: 2368–2388.
[65] Prado C M, Batsis J A, Donini L M, et al. Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a clinical overview[J]. Nat Rev Endocrinol,2024, 20: 261–277.
[66] 中国营养学会肥胖防控分会,中国营养学会临床营养分会,中华预防医学会行为健康分会,等. 中国居民肥胖防治专家共识[J]. 中华流行病学杂志,2022,43: 609–626.
[67] Devries MC, Mcglory C, Bolster DR, et al. Protein leucine content is a determinant of shorter- and longer-term muscle protein synthetic responses at rest and following resistance exercise in healthy older women: a randomized, controlled trial[J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2018, 107: 217–226.
[68] Beaudart C, Buckinx F, Rabenda V, et al. The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2014, 99: 4336–4345.
[69] Adults AGSW.Recommendations abstracted from the American geriatrics society consensus statement on vitamin D for prevention of falls and their consequences[J]. J Am Geriatr Soc,2014, 62: 147–152.
[70] Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Fernandes RR, et al. Effect of whey protein supplementation combined with resistance training on body composition, muscular strength, functional capacity, and plasma-metabolism biomarkers in older women with sarcopenic obesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Clin Nutr ESPEN,2019, 32: 88–95.
[71] Yuan S, Larsson SC.Epidemiology of sarcopenia: Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences[J]. Metabolism,2023, 144: 155533.
[72] Kawano R, Takahashi F, Hashimoto Y, et al. Short energy intake is associated with muscle mass loss in older patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective study of the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort[J]. Clin Nutr,2021, 40: 1613–1620.
[73] Hashimoto Y, Takahashi F, Okamura T, et al. Diet, exercise, and pharmacotherapy for sarcopenia in people with diabetes[J]. Metabolism,2023, 144: 155585.
[74] Yu Z, Nan F, Wang L Y, et al. Effects of high-protein diet on glycemic control, insulin resistance and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Clin Nutr,2020, 39: 1724–1734.
[75] Shalit A, Gerontiti E, Boutzios G, et al. Nutrition of aging people with diabetes mellitus: focus on sarcopenia[J]. Maturitas,2024, 185: 107975.
[76] Araki E, Goto A, Kondo T, et al. Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019[J]. J Diabetes Investig,2020, 11: 1020–1076.
[77] Chatzipetrou V, Begin M, Hars M, et al. Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: a scoping review of prevalence, risk factors, association with outcomes, and treatment[J]. Calcif Tissue Int,2022, 110: 1–31.
[78] 慢性肾脏病肌少症诊断治疗与预防专家共识专家组. 慢性肾脏病肌少症诊断、治疗与预防专家共识(2024年版)[J]. 中华肾脏病杂志,2024,40: 592–606.
[79] KDIGO. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease[J]. Kidney Int,2024, 105: S117–S314.
[80] Hahn D, Hodson EM, Fouque D. Low protein diets for non-diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2020, 10: CD1892.