[1] Fujiwara M, Kimura H, Tanaka K, et al. Association between malnutrition and adverse renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. J Diabetes Investig,2025,16:100–107. [2] Zhang T, Qin J, Guo J, et al. Prevalence and influencing factors of malnutrition in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Diabetes,2024,16:e13610. [3] 宁杰,王瑶,等.糖尿病特殊医学用途配方食品研究进展[J].中国食物与营养,2021,27:49–53. [4] 中国医疗保健国际交流促进会营养与代谢管理分会, 中国营养学会临床营养分会, 中华医学会糖尿病学分会, 等. 中国糖尿病医学营养治疗指南(2022版)[J].中华糖尿病杂志,2022,14: 881–933. [5] 吴国豪,谈善军.成人口服营养补充专家共识[J].消化肿瘤杂志(电子版),2017,9:151–155. [6] Çakmak G, Ganidağlı S, Efendioğlu EM, et al. Do long-term complications of type 2 diabetes increase susceptibility to geriatric syndromes in older adults?[J]. Medicina (Kaunas),2021,57:968. [7] O'Keeffe M, Kelly M, O'Herlihy E, et al. Potentially modifiable determinants of malnutrition in older adults: a systematic review[J]. Clin Nutr,2019,38:2477–2498. [8] García Almeida JM, Vegas Aguilar IM, Calleja Fernández A, et al. Glycaemic and insulinaemic impact of a diabetes-specific oral nutritional supplement with extra-virgin olive oil in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at nutritional risk: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, multicentre clinical trial (DIACARE).[J]. Nutr Hosp, 2023,40:692-700. [9] Laksir H, Lansink M, Regueme SC, et al. Glycaemic response after intake of a high energy, high protein, diabetes-specific formula in older malnourished or at risk of malnutrition type 2 diabetes patients[J]. Clin Nutr, 2018,37(6 Pt A):2084–2090. [10] Mehl AA, Damião AO, Viana SD, et al. Hard-to-heal wounds: a randomised trial of an oral proline-containing supplement to aid repair[J].J Wound Care, 2021,30:26–31. [11] Mehl AA, Pagliosa VMR, Tauil DA, et al. The use of a specialized oral nutritional supplement in the management of chronic wounds in patients with and without diabetes mellitus: cost-effectiveness analysis[J].Value Health Reg Issues,2025,45:101049. [12] 中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会,中国营养学会临床营养分会,中国医疗保健国际交流促进会临床营养健康学分会.成人患者营养不良诊断与应用指南(2025版)[J].中华医学杂志,2025,105:953–980. [13] López-Gómez JJ, Gutiérrez-Lora C, Izaola-Jauregui O, et al. Real world practice study of the effect of a specific oral nutritional supplement for diabetes mellitus on the morphofunctional assessment and protein energy requirements[J]. Nutrients,2022,14:4802. [14] Matia Martin P, Robles Agudo F, Lopez Medina JA, et al. Effectiveness of an oral diabetes-specific supplement on nutritional status, metabolic control, quality or life, and functional status in elderly patients: a multicentre study[J]. Clin Nutr, 2019,38:1253–1261. [15] Fujimoto Y, Dotare T, Maekawa E, et al. Oral nutritional supplements in older outpatients with heart failure: rationale and design of the ALIMENT-HF trial[J]. ESC Heart Fail, 2024,11:2379–2386. [16] 中国营养学会.中国居民膳食指南(2022)[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 2022. [17] American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee 8. Obesity and weight management for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025[J]. Diabetes Care, 2025, 48(Supplement_1): S167–S80. [18] 王卫庆, 宁光, 包玉倩, 等. 糖尿病医学营养治疗专家共识[J]. 中华内分泌代谢杂志,2013,29:357–362. [19] 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会医政司.肥胖症诊疗指南(2024年版)[J].中华消化外科杂志, 2024, 23:1237–1260. [20] American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 5. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: standards of care in diabetes-2025[J]. Diabetes Care, 2025, 48(Supplement_1): S86–S127. [21] Tamura Y, Omura T, Toyoshima K, et al. Nutrition management in older adults with diabetes: a review on the importance of shifting prevention strategies from metabolic syndrome to frailty[J].Nutrients,2020,12:3367. [22] Chen LL, Tohit NM, Ludin AFM, et al. Efficacy of diabetes-specific partial meal replacement on glycemic and weight control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Diabetes Obes Metab,2025,27:4167–4180. [23] Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics[J]. Clin Nutr, 2019,38:10–47. [24] Zilliox LA, Chadrasekaran K, Kwan JY, et al. Diabetes and cognitive impairment[J].Curr Diab Rep,2016,16:87. [25] Corish CA, Bardon LA.Malnutrition in older adults: screening and determinants[J]. Proc Nutr Soc, 2019,78:372–379. [26] 王琳, 高云峰, 张雷, 等. 基于健康老龄化战略背景对口腔衰弱概念分析的研究[J].承德医学院学报,2024,41:134–139. [27] 刘静, 张亚玺, 张剑青. 老年人口腔衰弱现状及影响因素研究进展[J].临床医学进展,2024,14: 277–284. [28] Shiraishi A, Wakabayashi H, Yoshimura Y.Oral management in rehabilitation medicine: oral frailty, oral sarcopenia, and hospital-associated oral problems[J].J Nutr Health Aging,2020,24:1094–1099. [29] Ishii M, Yamaguchi Y, Hamaya H, et al. Influence of oral health on frailty in patients with type 2 diabetes aged 75 years or older[J]. BMC Geriatr,2022,22:145. [30] Mauri-Obradors E, Estrugo-Devesa A, Jané-Salas E, et al. Oral manifestations of diabetes mellitus. a systematic review[J]. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal,2017,22:e586–e594. [31] Castrejón-Pérez RC, Jiménez-Corona A, Bernabé E, et al. Oral disease and 3-year incidence of frailty in Mexican older adults[J]. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2017,72:951–957. [32] Beaudry KM, Devries MC.Nutritional strategies to combat type 2 diabetes in aging adults: the importance of protein[J]. Front Nutr,2019,6:138. [33] 中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会老年营养支持学组. 中国老年患者肠外肠内营养应用指南(2020)[J].中华老年医学杂志,2020,39:119–132. [34] Dai S, Shu D, Meng F, et al. Higher risk of sarcopenia in older adults with type 2 diabetes: NHANES 1999–2018[J]. Obes Facts,2023,16:237-248. [35] 中华医学会糖尿病学分会, 国家基层糖尿病防治管理办公室. 国家基层糖尿病防治管理手册(2022)[J].中华内科杂志,2022,61:717–748. [36] 中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国糖尿病防治指南(2024·版)[J].中华糖尿病杂志,2025,17:16–139.