目的 探讨云南农村母亲孕中晚期膳食质量对婴儿神经心理发育的影响,为开展有针对性的妇女孕期膳食指导提供依据。方法 基于云南宣威农村出生队列研究项目,采用3 d 24 h膳食回顾法和膳食频率法,调查获得孕中、晚期食物摄入和相关信息,计算孕期膳食平衡指数;自婴儿出生起随访至满1岁;采用贝利婴幼儿发育量表第3版测评婴儿神经心理发育水平;运用多因回归模型分析母亲孕中、晚期膳食平衡指数与婴儿1岁时神经发育的关联。结果 共409对母子对纳入分析。母亲孕中、晚期的膳食指数正端分（HBS）平均分分别是4.77±0.27和4.11±0.24,均以好和适宜为主;负端分（LBS）分别是25.60±0.49和26.55±0.51,均以低和中度膳食失衡为主;膳食质量距(DQD)分别是30.37±0.41和30.67±0.43,均以低度膳食失衡为主。婴儿认知、语言、运动、社会情绪、适应性行为发育落后占比分别是8.31%、21.62%、17.08%、5.62%、31.49%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,孕中期HBS低度和中高度失衡增加婴儿运动发育落后的风险（OR=2.52, 95%CI: 1.10, 5.76;OR=7.31, 95%CI: 2.38, 22.44）,孕中期HBS低度失衡增加婴儿适应性行为发育落后的风险（OR=1.95, 95%CI: 1.01, 3.74）。结论 云南农村妇女孕中、晚期膳食质量以低度和中度失衡为主,而母亲孕中期谷薯类和畜禽肉类低度和中高度摄入过多可能影响婴儿运动和适应性行为发育。

Objective To explore the effects of mother's dietary quality in the second and third trimesters on infancy neuropsychological development in order to provide evidence for reasonable dietary guidance among pregnant women. Methods Based on Xuanwei prospective prenatal cohort study in Yunnan, infant follow-up was conducted from alive birth to 1-year age. The dietary quality of pregnant women was evaluated by dietary balance index-pregnancy (DBI-P) based on dietary intakes obtained by 3-day 24-hour food recall and food frequency questionnaires in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy from the Xuanwei study. Infants' neurodevelopment was assessed by Bayley Scales of infant and Toddler Development‑Third Edition (BSID-III). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted on the associations between DBI-P in the 2nd and 3rd trimester pregnancy and neurodevelopment of children aged 1 year. Results A total of 409 mother-infant pairs were involved in the analysis. The means of high bound scores (HBS) in the second and third trimesters were 4.77 ± 0.27 and 4.11 ± 0.24 respectively, mainly in suitable and almost suitable status. The means of low bound scores (LBS) were 25.60 ± 0.49 and 26.55 ± 0.51, respectively, showing a low and moderate dietary imbalances. The diet quality distance (DQD) scores were 30.37 ± 0.41 and 30.67 ±0.43 respectively, mainly in low dietary imbalances. The proportions of children with developmental delay in cognitive, language, motor, social emotional, and adaptive behavior development were 8.31%, 21.62%, 17.08%, 5.62%, and 31.49%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that low and moderate imbalance of HBS in the 2nd trimester increased the risk of infancy motor developmental delay (OR=2.52, 95%CI: 1.10, 5.76;OR=7.31, 95%CI: 2.38, 22.44). Meanwhile,low imbalance of HBS in the 2nd trimester increased the risk of infancy adaptive behavior developmental delay (OR=1.95, 95%CI: 1.01, 3.74). Conclusion The dietary quality of rural women in Yunnan during the mid and late pregnancy was mainly low or moderate imbalance. Low and moderate imbalanced dietary with excessive intake of cereal, meat and poultry in the mid pregnancy delayed infancy development in motor and adaptive behavior.