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31 December 2025, Volume 47 Issue 6
    

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    ORIGINAL ARTICLES
  • ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CHANGES IN ENTEROTYPE AND SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACID LEVELS IN EARLY INFANTS AND RELATED INDICAORS OF NEURODEVELOPMENT
    WANG Kai, YANG Ting, JIAN Rui-lin, LI Yun, HE Fang, CHENG Ru-yue
    Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 2025, 47(6): 527-533.
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    Objective To investigate the dynamic changes in early infant enterotypes, the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and their associations with neurodevelopment. Methods Using a birth cohort study design, 163 healthy full-term infants born at West China Second University Hospital/West China Women's and Children's Hospital of Sichuan University between November 2020 and September 2021 were enrolled. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 7, and 30 after birth, and neurodevelopment was assessed using the ASQ-3 questionnaire at 12 months of age. Based on sample and questionnaire completeness, 69 infants completed the ASQ-3 assessment. A total of 38, 57, and 62 fecal samples from healthy full-term infants were included for subsequent analysis on days 0, 7, and 30, respectively. By integrating 16S rRNA sequencing, gas chromatography analysis, and ASQ-3 assessment, correlations between enterotypes, SCFAs levels, and neurodevelopmental indicators were analyzed. Results Infant gut microbiota underwent significant time-dependent succession within the first 30 days after birth. The enterotype shifted from a Bifidobacterium-dominant profile (enterotype 2) at day 0 to a Streptococcus-dominant profile (enterotype 1) at day 7, and further to a Clostridium-dominant profile (enterotype 3) at day 30. SCFAs levels also increased dynamically over time, with butyrate levels in the Clostridium-dominant enterotype (enterotype 3) being significantly higher than in other enterotypes at each time point. Correlation analyses indicated a significant positive association between enterotype and butyrate levels across all time points. A significant negative correlation was observed between enterotype at day 0 and communication domain scores, as well as between enterotype at day 7 and gross motor domain scores. Furthermore, propionate levels at days 0 and 30 were significantly negatively correlated with problem-solving domain scores on the ASQ-3 questionnaire, while acetate levels at day 7 were significantly negatively correlated with fine motor, problem-solving, and personal-social domain scores. Conclusion This study reveals the dynamic succession of early infant gut microbiota and fluctuations in SCFAs metabolism, as well as their associations with infant neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  • PREVENTIVE EFFECT OF COMPOUND PROBIOTIC INTERVENTION ON UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN
    YU Xue-ting, WEI Jiu-ling, ZHAO Ling-ling, LIU Fei-tong, XIANG Xue-song, ZHANG Wen-zhong
    Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 2025, 47(6): 534-541.
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    Objective To investigate the preventive effect of a composite probiotic formulation (Bifidobacterium infantis R0033, Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071, and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052) on upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in infants and young children aged 0-24 months. Methods From November 2022 to July 2024, 192 infants and young children aged 0-24 months nationwide were recruited. Using a paired, randomized, controlled, double-blind design, subjects were assigned to an intervention group (n=111, composite probiotic preparation) or a control group (n=81, maltodextrin preparation). The intervention period lasted 3 months. During the intervention period, fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota analysis, and questionnaires were used to record feeding patterns, bowel movements, growth and development indicators, and disease incidence. Results The overall incidence of URTIs in infants and young children in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group (31.53% vs. 45.68%, P < 0.05), with a particularly pronounced protective effect observed during spring (4.46% vs.18.52%, P<0.01). Gut microbiota analysis revealed significantly increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Prevotella genera in the intervention group (LDA score >2, P<0.05). Conclusion Combined probiotic intervention significantly reduces the incidence of URTIs in infants and young children while improving respiratory symptoms, with particularly pronounced protective effects during spring.
  • ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN HABITUAL INTAKE OF NON-FERMENTED MILK AND GUT MICROBIOTA: A GUILD-BASED PROSPECTIVE STUDY
    LIU Xi, FU Jiong-xing, ZHENG Wei, JIANG Yu, SHU Xiao-ou, XU Wang-hong
    Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 2025, 47(6): 542-552.
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    Objectives To evaluate the associations between consumption of non-fermented milk (fresh and powdered) and gut microbiota using a guild-based analytical approach. Methods This study included 2 380 participants (1,196 men and 1,184 women) from the Shanghai Women's and Men's Health Studies who provided stool samples during 2015-2018. Using fresh and powdered milk intake data from validated food frequency questionnaires collected during 2004-2011, we classified participants into never- and ever-intake groups. After estimating total non-fermented milk intake by summing fresh milk and the protein-based liquid-milk equivalents of powdered milk, we further divided the ever-intake group into low- and high-intake groups using sex-specific median cut-offs. Using previously constructed guilds at the OTU level, we compared the α- and β-diversity of gut microbiota across subgroups. We employed PICRUSt2 to predict microbial metabolic pathways, and used MaAsLin to assess the associations between non-fermented milk intake and the relative abundances of guilds and related metabolic pathways. Results In all participants (non-consumers included), the overall median non-fermented milk intake was 71.4 g/d in men and 200.0 g/d in women, whereas among ever-consumers the median was 200 g/d in both sexes. No significant associations were observed between non-fermented milk and α- and β-diversity. In men;|the abundance of Guild_4 was higher in the high-intake group than in the never-intake group (P=0.006)|while in women|the abundance of Guild_5 was higher in the high-intake group (P = 0.009). Both Guild_4 and Guild_5 were dominated by OTUs annotated as the genus Bifidobacterium. Additionally|the guilds that exhibited significant differences in abundance across subgroups in both men and women were predominantly composed of members of the Lachnospiraceae family|including Guild_48|Guild_49|Guild_52|Guild_67|and Guild_74. Non-fermented milk intake was significantly associated with metabolic pathways related to amino acid synthesis and glycolysis (P<0.05). Conclusion The results indicate sex-specific modulations of the gut microbiota by non-fermented milk. Even modest intakes may selectively enrich beneficial taxa such as Bifidobacterium.
  • THE IMPACT OF PERSONALIZED DIETARY GUIDANCE ON THE DIETARY STRUCTURE OF EVENING MEALS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS DURING WEIGHT MANAGEMENT
    HU Yi, HU Ying-jia, LI Tao, WANG Ye-ling, SHI Guang, SHI Reng-fei
    Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 2025, 47(6): 553-559.
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    Objective To explore how personalized nutritional guidance influences the food choices and dietary patterns of dinner in obese adults undergoing weight management. Methods The study was conducted within a weight management camp in Shanghai. Fifteen male obese adults (BMI≥28), recruited between February and August 2025, were included. A self-pre-post control design was adopted. Before the intervention, a smart dietary assessment system (SAT) was used to conduct a dinner matching test and collect baseline dietary data. A 4-week personalized nutritional intervention was then implemented, comprising standardized meal guidance, systematic nutritional education, and a structured exercise protocol. After the intervention, the SAT test was repeated. Anthropometric measurements (including weight, body fat ratio, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio) and data on the dietary structure of self-prepared dinners via the SAT system were collected before and after the intervention. Paired sample t-test was used for normally distributed data analysis Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied for non-normally distributed data analysis. Results Following the weight management intervention, significant reductions were observed in weight, body fat ratio, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio (P<0.05). Regarding dietary structure, the intakes of livestock, poultry, fish, and eggs were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Energy and protein intakes also showed a significant reduction (P<0.05). The proportions were of the three macronutrients in energy contribution shifted closer to the recommendations by the Chinese Nutrition Society. However, dietary fiber intake remained inadequate. Excessive intake of certain minerals (such as phosphorus and iron) was alleviated, while inadequate dietary calcium intake persisted. The intake of B vitamins showed a decline. Conclusion Personalized dietary guidance can help of obese individuals to adequately choose foods for evening meals, and facilitate a shift towards a more rational dietary pattern. [ACTA NUTRIMENTA SINICA,2025,47（6）：553–559]
  • EFFECTS OF TRYPTOPHAN ON METABOLIC ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN MICE BASED ON MULTI-OMICS ANALYSIS
    LI Jia, MU Ling, BAI Yi-dan, ZHU Meng-yao, SU Xiang-ni
    Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 2025, 47(6): 560-568.
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    Objective To analyze the effects of tryptophan (Trp) on the Trp-targeted metabolites and intestinal flora in mice with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) based on Trp-targeted metabolomics and 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice aged 5-6 weeks were randomly divided into a control group (control, n=15) and an experimental group (n=30). The control group was fed a normal diet, while the experimental group was fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with a fat ratio of 60% to establish the MAFLD mouse model. The modeling time was 16 weeks. After the model was successfully constructed, the mice in the experimental group was randomly divided into the HFD group (n=10) and the Trp group (n=10). The HFD group was orally given the same amount of 0.9% normal saline, and the Trp group was given Trp at 50mg/ (kg·d). Both groups were intervened for 8 weeks. The body weight, food intake, liver wet weight, liver index, liver pathological changes, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and serum transaminase levels, as well as ileal pathology and mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins were detected. The intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites were detected by 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing and Trp-targeted metabolomics technology, and the association analysis between the differential microbiota and Trp-targeted metabolites was conducted through Spearman correlation analysis. Results Compared with the control group, the lipid deposition in the liver of mice in the HFD group increased significantly, and the body weight, liver wet weight and liver index increased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the HFD group, the lipid deposition in the liver of mice in the Trp group was significantly reduced, and the body weight (P<0.01), liver wet weight (P<0.01), and liver index all decreased significantly (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of ileal tight junction proteins was up-regulated. The abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Allobaculum, as well as the diversity of intestinal flora were increased. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the level of the Trp metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of Allobaculum (P<0.001). Conclusion Trp has an improving effect on MAFLD in mice, which is related to the enrichment of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Allobaculum and the reduction of 5-HIAA production.
  • DHA COMBINED WITH MCTS ALLEVIATES NEURONAL DAMAGE IN SAMP8 MICE VIA MTOR/TFEB-MEDIATED AUTOPHAGY-LYSOSOMAL PATHWAY
    GUO Shuang-shuang, WANG Ze-hao, HE Xin, LI Wen, HUANG Guo-wei, LI Zhen-shu
    Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 2025, 47(6): 569-580.
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    Objective To investigate the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) combined with medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) on neuronal damage in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice and the potential autophagy-lysosomal pathway mechanism. Methods 4-month-old SAMP8 mice were randomly assigned to four groups: 0.233% DHA supplementation (DHA group), 10% MCTs supplementation (MCTs group), 0.233% DHA+10% MCTs supplementation (DHA+MCTs group), and control (Con-P group). Four-month-old senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1 (SAMR1) mice served as the normal aging control group (Con-R group). After 7 months of dietary intervention, brain tissue sections were prepared. Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining was used to assess neuronal degeneration in the cerebral cortex. Nissl staining was conducted to quantify surviving neurons. Immunofluorescence was employed to assess expression levels of autophagy-related and lysosome-related proteins. Results FJB staining revealed that compared to the Con-P group, the DHA, MCTs, and DHA+MCTs groups exhibited reduced numbers of degenerated neurons, while the DHA+MCTs group demonstrated the lowest number of degenerated neurons compared to the DHA and MCTs groups, and these differences were all statistically significant (P<0.05). Nissl staining revealed that the number of surviving neurons in the DHA, MCTs, and DHA+MCTs groups was higher than in the Con-P group. The DHA+MCTs group exhibited the highest number of surviving neurons (P<0.05). Immunofluorescence results showed that compared to the Con-P group, mTOR expression levels were higher in the DHA, MCTs, and DHA+MCTs groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, mTOR expression in the DHA+MCTs group was higher than in the DHA and MCTs groups. Meanwhile, expression levels of the key regulatory proteins for autophagy and lysosomal function (TFEB), the autophagy-related proteins (LC3 and Beclin-1) and the lysosomal-associated proteins (LAMP1, LAMP2, CTSB and CTSD) were all significantly reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion DHA combined with MCTs alleviates neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex of SAMP8 mice and the combined supplementation yields superior effects compared to either DHA or MCTs alone. The mechanism is related to the regulation of the mTOR/TFEB-mediated autophagy-lysosomal pathway.
  • PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF NERVONIC ACID ON LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY INJURY IN INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS
    ZHANG Ming-yu, MO Shu-lan, YAN Chuan-zhi, DENG Pei-lin, KE Zhi-zhu, SONG Jia-le
    Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 2025, 47(6): 581-593.
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    Objective To investigate the protective effects of nervonic acid (NA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in vitro. Methods The cells were divided into three groups: normal group, LPS-treated group, and three LPS+NA groups (5, 10, and 20 μmol/L). An intestinal injury cell model was established by treating Caco-2 and HT-29 cells with LPS for 24 hours. After co-treatment with NA and LPS, cells were cultured for an additional 24 hours, and viability was evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation as well as the distribution of tight junction (TJ) proteins (Claudin-1, Claudin-7) and mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC). Additionally, mRNA or protein expression levels of inflammatory factors (Tnfα, Il1β), TJ proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-1, Claudin-7, Occludin), mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC), and adhesion proteins (Alpi, Desmosome, Jama, Ecadherin) were detected by Western blotting or PCR analysis in the cells. Results NA significantly improved the viability of LPS-treated Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. NA treatment inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in Caco-2 cells. Additionally, it reversed the downregulation of Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 expressions in Caco-2 cells, as well as the downregulation of MUC2 and MUC5AC expressions in HT-29 cells after LPS exposure. Moreover, NA treatment also upregulated the mRNA expressions of Zo1, Claudin1 and Occludin in both Caco-2 and HT-29 cells exposed to LPS. Furthermore, NA treatment decreased the mRNA expressions of Tnfα, Il1β and increased the expressions of Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 in Caco-2 cells exposed to LPS. It also elevated the mRNA expressions of mucins (Muc2, Muc3, Muc5ac) and adhesion proteins (Alpi, Desmosome, Jama, Ecadherin) in HT-29 cells exposed to LPS. Conclusion NA alleviates LPS-induced damage in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells by reducing inflammatory factor levels, upregulating TJ protein expressions, and ultimately restoring intestinal epithelial barrier function.
  • PROTECTIVE EFFECTS AND UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF DIFFERENT SELENIUM FORMS ON CADMIUM-INDUCED INTESTINAL INJURY
    SHAO Miao-miao, SHI Wen-yao, XU Jia-ying, YUAN Lin-xi, QIN Li-qiang
    Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 2025, 47(6): 594-601.
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    Objective To investigate the protective effects of chemical-based selenium (selenocystine, SeCys2) and plant-based selenium (Cardamine hupingshanensis-Se, HUP) on cadmium (Cd)-induced intestinal injury and the underlying mechanism. Methods Cd-enriched (HUP-Cd) and Se-Cd-coenriched (HUP-Cd+Se) plants were obtained by hydroponics. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control (Con), Cd, Cd+Se, HUP-Cd, and HUP-Cd+Se groups. The mice in the Cd group were gavaged by CdCl2 solution [Cd: 1.2 mg/kg body weight (BW), and mice in the Cd+Se group were gavaged by CdCl2 and SeCys2 solution (Cd: 1.2 mg/kg BW; Se: 0.4mg/kg BW). The mice in the HUP-Cd and HUP-Cd+Se groups were gavaged by corresponding suspensions containing the same amount of Cd and/or Se used in the Cd and Se groups. After 12 weeks, feces, serum and duodenum were collected. Histopathological observation was performed to examine the pathological changes and the number of goblet cells in the duodenum. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze Ki67 and Lgr5 positive cells in the crypts. Western blot was conducted to determine the phosphorylation levels of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and their downstream proteins, as well as the expression levels of tight junction proteins Occludin, Claudin1 and ZO-1. qPCR was employed to detect the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors (IFN-β、IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-6). Results Compared with the Cd and HUP-Cd groups, the mice in the Cd+Se and HUP-Cd+Se groups had lower serum levels of Cd with higher amount of Cd in the feces. Cd exposure induced obvious intestinal injury. Se and HUP-Se intervention alleviated oxidative stress, improved intestinal pathological injury, and upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins in the duodenum. Cd exposure activated the cGAS/STING pathway. Se and HUP-Se intervention downregulated the phosphorylation of proteins in this pathway and the mRNA expression levels of downstream inflammatory factors. Conclusion Chemical- and plant-based Se alleviated Cd-induced intestinal injury in mice by downregulating cGAS/STING pathway and inflammatory factors.
  • GANODERMA LUCIDUM POLYSACCHARIDES AMELIORATE RADIATION-INDUCED INTESTINAL INJURY IN MICE BY IMPROVING GUT MICROECOLOGY
    CHAI Xu-xia, JIN Lu, TAO Meng-di, GUO Chang-jiang, YAO Zhan-xin, CHANG Hong
    Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 2025, 47(6): 602-611.
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    Objective To investigate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on intestinal microecology to reduce radiation-induced small intestine damage in mice. Methods C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into three groups: blank control group, radiation model group and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group, with 15 mice in each group. Mice were given orally with saline or 150 mg/(kg·bw) Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides once a day for 28 days. On the 15th day, mice in the radiation model group and the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group were given a single whole-body 6 Gy dose of irradiation. On the 27th day, fresh feces samples were collected. On the 28th day, the samples of sera and small intestine tissue were taken after anesthesia. The radiation damage of small intestine was assessed by HE staining, ELISA method, and Western blot analysis. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the changes of intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the associations among microbiota, metabolites and intestinal parameters. Results Compared with the radiation model group, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides intervention significantly improved pathological changes of intestinal mucosa caused by radiation, reduced serum D-lactate (D-LA) content, diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content (P<0.05), and up-regulated the expression of zona occludens 1(ZO-1), claudin1 and mucin 2 (MUC2) (P<0.05）. Meanwhile, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides also relieved oxidative stress and inflammation by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) level (P<0.05). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides significantly improved radiation-induced dysbacteriosis and increased the contents of acetic acid and butyric acid in feces (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that Alistipes, Odoribacter, Enterorhabdus and other bacteria were correlated with the improvements in oxidative stress, inflammation and intestinal barrier function, while other genera Eubacterium_ xylanophilum_ group, Mucispirillum, Faecalibaculum, Turicibacter, Eubacterium_siraeum_group, etc. were related to the levels of short-chain fatty acids. Conclusion Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides reduce radiation-induced small intestine damage possibly by improving the intestinal microecology.
    • CRITICAL REVIEWS
  • HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECT OF CORDYCEPIN AND UNDERLYING MECHANISMS: PROGRESS IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
    BI Yong-hui, LI Xi, YANG Dan-feng
    Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 2025, 47(6): 612-617.
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    Dyslipidemia is closely associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Cordycepin, a key bioactive compound derived from the medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris, shows promising potential in regulating lipid metabolism. Current experimental evidence indicates its beneficial effects on improving blood lipid profiles. We summarize research progress in the hypolipidemic action of cordycepin based on experimental studies. Its underlying mechanisms are also explored, including inhibition of lipid synthesis, promotion of fatty acid oxidation, modulation of the gut microbiota-short-chain fatty acid axis, and amelioration of oxidative stress, metabolic inflammation, and autophagy homeostasis.
  • ADVANCES IN NUTRITION INTERVENTION TO ENHANCE SKELETAL MUSCLE PERFORMANCE
    HAO Yi-ming, MU Hui-ling, DU Peng, CHEN Xi-meng, BAI Shuang, WANG Ruo-yong
    Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 2025, 47(6): 618-624.
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    Nutrition is an important factor to improve muscle performance and post-exercise recovery. A well-balanced diet can protect against oxidative stress, inflammatory response and proteolysis in muscle tissue caused by high-intensity exercise, and alleviate muscle fatigue and injury. The nutrients and phytochemicals in natural foods have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity, and promote protein synthesis and enhance mitochondrial function, resulting in improved muscle performance. In this review, the effects and the molecular mechanisms of dietary proteins, amino acids, fatty acids and phytochemicals on muscle performance and mitochondrial function were outlined to provide a theoretical basis for the development of dietary supplements.
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