Objective The reliability and validity of a self-designed Simplified Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ) for middle-aged and elderly population were evaluated, in order to provide a simple and reliable tool for dietary surveys in local residents. Methods A total of 145 subjects were randomly recruited from selected communities in Chengdu from October 2022 to January 2023. The first SFFQ and 3-days 24-h dietary recall were conducted at the beginning, and the second SFFQ and 3-days 24-h dietary recall were conducted 4 weeks later. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire by comparing the energy / nutrients / foods correlations between the two SFFQs, and the validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by comparing the correlation between the mean of two SFFQs and the mean of two 3-days 24-h dietary recalls. Results For the two SFFQs, the Spearman correlation coefficient (r) of energy and nutrients was from 0.380 to 0.637, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was from 0.253 to 0.558. The r of the foods was from 0.318 to 0.703, and the ICC was from 0.140 to 0.674. The r between energy and nutrients intakes by SFFQ and 3-days 24-h dietary recall ranged from 0.412 to 0.771 and from 0.186 to 0.883 for foods. It was shown in the Bland-Altman analysis that scatter points were almost distributed within the 95% limits of the agreement. Conclusion The reliability and validity of the SFFQ designed in this study are reasonable, and application in evaluating energy and nutrients intakes in middle-aged and elderly people are expected.

Objective To investigate the dietary iodine intake and iodine nutrition status among adults in Han and ethnic minority areas of Guangxi, and to provide a basis for preventing iodine deficiency diseases. Methods Based on ethnic distribution and geographical location, a cross-sectional study method was used to select a total of 679 adults from 5 counties in Guangxi. A household survey was conducted using a 3-day 24-hour dietary review method to investigate dietary intake, and a weighing method to investigate consumption of edible oils and seasonings. Drinking water, salt and random urine samples were collected to detect water iodine, salt iodine and urine iodine levels, respectively. Results The median values of water iodine in Guangxi was 4.0 μg/L. The median of salt iodine was 25.3 mg/kg. The median salt iodine consumption for the Han and minority populations were 23.2 and 25.7 mg/kg, respectively. The difference was statistically significant（Z=–8.088,P=0.000）. The median urinary iodine was 183.7 μg/L. The MUI of the Han and minority populations were 199.3 and 177.5 μg/L, respectively. The difference was statistically significant（Z=–2.205,P=0.027）. The per capita salt intake was（6.4±5.0）g/d, which were（5.6±2.9）and（6.6±5.3）g/d in the Han and minority populations. The difference was statistically significant（t=–2.825, P=0.005）.The median of dietary iodine intake was 144.5 µg/d, which were 151.9 μg/d and 140.0 μg/d in the Han and minority populations. There was no significant difference between them. Food iodine intake was 25.0 µg/d, and contribution rate was 22.4%. Water iodine intake was 5.0 µg/d, and contribution rate was 5.1%. Salt iodine intake was 103.2µg/d, and contribution rate was 72.5 %. There was a significant difference in iodine intake from food and water among different ethnic groups（Z food=–15.035, P food=0.000; Z water=–6.715, P water=0.000）. Of the dietary iodine intake, 14.5% of the participants in this study were less than EAR, 20.6% between EAR and RNI, 63.6% between RNI and UL, and 1.3% higher than UL. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of dietary iodine intake among different ethnic groups（χ²=19.888,P=0.000）. Conclusion The iodine intake and iodine nutrition of adults in Guangxi are at an appropriate level, and iodized salt remains the main dietary source of iodine in iodine deficient areas. Population iodine nutrition monitoring should be continuously conduction, and the amount of iodized salt should be adjusted at appropriate times to ensure a suitable iodine nutrition level for the entire population.

Objective To describe the trends and epidemiological characteristics of the disease burden of nutritional deficiencies in China from 1990 to 2021 and to project the incidence from 2022 to 2040. Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 on the incidence, mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) rates of nutritional deficiencies in China from 1990 to 2021, we analyzed the Annual Percentage Change (APC) and Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) via Joinpoint regression models. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to project incidence rates from 2022 to 2040. Results From 1990 to 2021, the overall incidence rate of nutritional deficiencies in China showed a continuous declining trend, with an AAPC of −4.25%. The age-standardized incidence rate also exhibited a continuous decline, with an AAPC of −3.96%. The mortality rate initially decreased and then increased, but showed an overall downward trend with an AAPC of −3.45%. The age-standardized mortality rate declined overall, with an AAPC of −4.97%. The DALY rate displayed a general downward trend (AAPC = −3.78%), as did the age-standardized DALY rate (AAPC = −4.07%). In 2021, the DALY rate for females was three times that of males, and the age-standardized DALY rate for females was 2.5 times that of males. The disease burden declined most rapidly in the 0-4 age group, with AAPCs for incidence, mortality, and DALY rates of −5.66%, −10.80%, and −7.89%, respectively. Projections from the Bayesian age-period-cohort model indicated that the age-standardized incidence rate in China would decrease from 3205.11 per 100 000 in 2022 to 2331.78 per 100 000 in 2040, representing a reduction of 27.22%. Conclusion The disease burden of nutritional deficiencies in China showed a downward trend from 1990 to 2021. Projections suggest that the age-standardized incidence rates for the overall population, females, and males will continue to decline from 2022 to 2040.

Objective To apply a precision nutrition buffet mode and test its nutritional effects in pilots. Methods A total of 149 pilots were selected as the study subjects. They were served by traditional buffet mode upon admission. A 3-day dietary survey and blood lipids and uric acid measurements were conducted. Then, a precise nutrition buffet mode was adopted. Twenty days later, a 3-day dietary survey was conducted and blood lipids and uric acid were rechecked. Food supply standards, dietary reference intakes and Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI 22) were used to evaluate the quality of dietary nutrition. The differences in blood lipids and uric acid before and after the intervention were analyzed. Results In traditional buffet mode, the intakes of salt, oil, poultry and livestock meat far exceeded the recommended intake. The intakes of many nutrients were excessive. In the precision nutrition buffet mode, the intakes of salt, oil, poultry and livestock meat, as well as many nutrients decreased significantly. High bound score (HBS) of the traditional buffetmode was 14, indicating excessive low-level dietary intake. The HBS of the precision nutrition buffet mode was 7, indicating a more appropriate intake. After the intervention by precision nutrition buffet mode, blood uric acid, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly delined. Conclusion Compared to the traditional buffet mode, precision nutrition buffet mode is better in securiong a balance dietary intake. The precision nutrition buffet mode is worthy of promotion and application.

Objective To review the effects of choline on early childhood cognitive function and growth development, middle-age and elderly cognitive function, metabolic associated fatty liver disease, body composition, cancer, risk of mortality. Methods Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and SinoMed from 2003.01 to 2024.05 were searched for systematic reviews, meta-analysis and prospective studies related to the association between choline and health outcomes. Results A total of 90 studies from 34655 papers were included. We found that: (1) higher choline intake was correlated with better cognitive function such as memory, language, learning, attention, and executive function in infants and children aged 6 months to 7 years; (2) choline intake was positively correlated with the height and weight of infants, and could also improve growth (such as body weight and head circumference) in infants with prenatal alcohol exposure; (3) higher intake of choline showed a significant association with enhanced cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults, which contributed to reduced Alzheimer's disease incidence and attenuated progression of dementia-related symptoms; (4) choline intake could reduce the risk of fatty liver disease; (5) serum choline was associated with improved body composition; (6) no significant association was observed between choline and the overall risk of cancers or the risk of all-cause mortality. Conclusion Choline is closely associated with a variety of beneficial health outcomes. Choline-rich foods should be reasonably consumed as part of a healthy diet to obtain maximum health benefits.

With the accelerating global population aging and the growing burden of chronic diseases, unhealthy lifestyle habits further increase the risk of age-related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Time-restricted eating, a dietary pattern that limits the eating time window without restricting total caloric intake, food variety, and quantities, has been shown to have significant potential for promoting healthy aging. Accumulating evidences indicate that time-restricted eating helps regulate circadian rhythm disturbances caused by long-term unhealthy habits (such as sleep deprivation and irregular eating patterns) and has positive effects on weight management, blood glucose levels, lipid metabolism, cardiovascular health, and cognitive function with high compliance. Although the health benefits of time-restricted eating are widely recognized, further research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects and applicability, so as to provide a solid scientific foundation and practical guidance for promoting healthy aging.

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders. Zinc is the only identified endogenous ligand for G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) to date. GPR39 is widely distributed in the nervous system. Recent studies have shown a close association between zinc and its receptor GPR39 and depression. Abnormal expression and functional changes of GPR39 can affect neurotransmitter balance and neural plasticity, thereby influencing the development of depression. Agonists of GPR39 have shown certain potential application value in the prevention and treatment of depression.

As the aging of the population intensifies, the attention paid to elderly diabetic patients is increasing. The physiological changes brought about by aging are closely related to the onset and progression of diabetes. The clinical manifestations and nutritional needs of elderly diabetic patients differ from those of younger patients. Targeted dietary therapy is of great importance for the management of diabetes in the elderly. We outlines the mechanisms linking aging and diabetes development, elucidates the nutritional and metabolic changes in elderly diabetic patients and focuses on the nutritional therapy for elderly diabetic patients, so as to provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of diabetes in the elderly.

Objective To explore the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth outcomes among Chinese women. Methods We collected data on pre-pregnancy BMI, prenatal weight, and birth outcomes. Total GWG was calculated and categorized as insufficient, appropriate, or excessive based on the Chinese health standard (WS/T 801-2022) and the IOM 2009 guidelines. Adverse birth outcomes included small vulnerable newborns (SVN: small for gestational age, low birth weight, or preterm birth), large-sized newborns (large for gestational age or macrosomia). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between GWG and adverse birth outcomes, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated. Results A total of 8,126 mother-infant pairs were included in the study. According to the WS/T 801, 7.6%, 42.3%, and 50.1% of the women had insufficient, appropriate, or excessive GWG, respectively, while under the IOM 2009, these proportions were 23.7%, 42.1%, and 34.2%, respectively. Among infants, 12.7% were SVN, 12.8% were large-sized newborns, and 24.5% presented with adverse birth outcomes. Based on the WS/T801, compared with the normal pre-pregnancy BMI and appropriate weight gain group, the OR (95% CI) for SVN in the pre-pregnancy underweight and normal BMI groups with insufficient weight gain were 2.00 (1.38, 2.90) and 1.77 (1.32, 2.36), respectively. For large-sized newborns, the OR (95% CI) in the excessive weight gain group were 1.66 (1.18, 2.34) and 2.21 (1.84, 2.65), respectively. In the pre-pregnancy overweight/obese group, the OR (95% CI) for large-sized newborns among those with excessive weight gain during pregnancy was 3.38 (2.73, 4.18). Among the normal pre-pregnancy BMI group and the pre-pregnancy overweight/obese group, the OR (95% CI) for adverse birth outcomes in those with excessive weight gain were 1.15 (1.01, 1.32) and 1.53 (1.29, 1.82), respectively. In the pre-pregnancy underweight and normal BMI groups, the OR (95% CI) for adverse birth outcomes in those with insufficient weight gain were 1.33 (1.01, 1.74) and 1.47 (1.03, 2.10), respectively. Based on the IOM criteria, the OR (95% CI) for adverse birth outcomes in the pre-pregnancy overweight or obese group with appropriate weight gain was 1.38 (1.10, 1.72). Conclusion Both the WS/T 801 and IOM 2009 criteria can reduce the risk of adverse birth outcomes. The WS/T 801 standard is more conducive to guiding Chinese women in preventing SVN and large-sized newborns, and thereby achieving favorable birth outcomes.

Nutrition is an important factor to improve muscle performance and post-exercise recovery. A well-balanced diet can protect against oxidative stress, inflammatory response and proteolysis in muscle tissue caused by high-intensity exercise, and alleviate muscle fatigue and injury. The nutrients and phytochemicals in natural foods have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity, and promote protein synthesis and enhance mitochondrial function, resulting in improved muscle performance. In this review, the effects and the molecular mechanisms of dietary proteins, amino acids, fatty acids and phytochemicals on muscle performance and mitochondrial function were outlined to provide a theoretical basis for the development of dietary supplements.

Dyslipidemia is closely associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Cordycepin, a key bioactive compound derived from the medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris, shows promising potential in regulating lipid metabolism. Current experimental evidence indicates its beneficial effects on improving blood lipid profiles. We summarize research progress in the hypolipidemic action of cordycepin based on experimental studies. Its underlying mechanisms are also explored, including inhibition of lipid synthesis, promotion of fatty acid oxidation, modulation of the gut microbiota-short-chain fatty acid axis, and amelioration of oxidative stress, metabolic inflammation, and autophagy homeostasis.

Objective To explore the relationship between dietary macronutrient energy supply ratio and cognitive decline, so as to provide a scientific basis for dietary guidance for cognitive decline prevention in Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults. Methods Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) database from 1997 to 2006, adults aged 55-89 years who had completed at least one cognitive function test were included through multistage stratified cluster random sampling method. Individuals with abnormal energy intake were excluded. The dietary energy intake, carbohydrate energy ratio, fat energy ratio, and protein energy ratio were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the macronutrient energy supply ratio and cognitive decline. Additionally, the relationship between macronutrient energy supply ratio and cognitive decline was further examined using limiting restricted cubic spline (RCS). Results A total of 10,689 participants were included in this study. After adjusting for covariates, those with higher carbohydrates to energy ratios (carbohydrate%E) had a higher risk of cognitive decline than those with lower carbohydrate%E (OR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.03-1.94). The risk of cognitive decline was lowest in the population with moderate fat to energy ratio (fat%E) (OR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.71-0.99). People with higher protein to energy ratios(protein%E) had a lower risk of cognitive decline (OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.63-0.89). The results in the RCS curves showed that there was a linear relationship between carbohydrate%E or protein%E and cognitive decline (P non-linear>0.05), and a nonlinear relationship between fat%E and cognitive decline (P non-linear <0.05). The risk of cognitive decline was the lowest in the subjects when fat%E was 34.65%. Conclusion In the middle-aged and elderly adults of CHNS, carbohydrate%E is related to higher risk of cognitive decline, and protein%E is related to lower risk of cognitive decline. A high-fat diet with a fat energy ratio of 34.65% is related to the lowest risk of cognitive decline.

In recent years, an increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was noted worldwide. Many factors were closely related to the occurrence and development of T2DM, among which the role of vitamin D has attracted more and more attention. At present, the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and T2DM has become a hot topic. This article reviews the research progress in the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and T2DM and the possible mechanisms involved, so as to provide some new ideas for the prevention and treatment of T2DM and its complications.

Objective To explore how personalized nutritional guidance influences the food choices and dietary patterns of dinner in obese adults undergoing weight management. Methods The study was conducted within a weight management camp in Shanghai. Fifteen male obese adults (BMI≥28), recruited between February and August 2025, were included. A self-pre-post control design was adopted. Before the intervention, a smart dietary assessment system (SAT) was used to conduct a dinner matching test and collect baseline dietary data. A 4-week personalized nutritional intervention was then implemented, comprising standardized meal guidance, systematic nutritional education, and a structured exercise protocol. After the intervention, the SAT test was repeated. Anthropometric measurements (including weight, body fat ratio, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio) and data on the dietary structure of self-prepared dinners via the SAT system were collected before and after the intervention. Paired sample t-test was used for normally distributed data analysis Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied for non-normally distributed data analysis. Results Following the weight management intervention, significant reductions were observed in weight, body fat ratio, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio (P<0.05). Regarding dietary structure, the intakes of livestock, poultry, fish, and eggs were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Energy and protein intakes also showed a significant reduction (P<0.05). The proportions were of the three macronutrients in energy contribution shifted closer to the recommendations by the Chinese Nutrition Society. However, dietary fiber intake remained inadequate. Excessive intake of certain minerals (such as phosphorus and iron) was alleviated, while inadequate dietary calcium intake persisted. The intake of B vitamins showed a decline. Conclusion Personalized dietary guidance can help of obese individuals to adequately choose foods for evening meals, and facilitate a shift towards a more rational dietary pattern. [ACTA NUTRIMENTA SINICA,2025,47（6）：553–559]

Objective To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of sodium butyrate (NaB) on dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice. Methods Thirty-eight 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, NaB (500 mg/(kg·d) ig) group and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) group (150mg/(kg·d )ig). NaB administration commenced 3 days before DSS induction and continued throughout the experimental period. During molding with DSS, the control group received sterile water, while the other three groups were given 2.5% DSS for 6 days and followed by sterile water until sacrifice. On day 7, mice were euthanized for colon length measurement and tissue weight analysis. The body weight, disease activity index (DAI) and colon length among different groups were compared. Colon pathology was evaluated via HE staining, and the number of goblet cells in the colon was observed after AB-PAS staining. To assess the degrees of ferroptosis, GSH, Fe2+, MDA levels and SOD activity were measured. The WB method was used to detect the expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11 and the phosphorylation levels of ERK and STAT3. IHC was used to detect the expression level of GPX4. Results Compared to the control group, the model group exhibited significant weight loss (P<0.001), elevated DAI (P<0.001), and shortened colon length (P<0.001). HE staining showed colon cell infiltration, shallow crypt, disappeared villi structure. The AB-PAS staining showed that the number of goblet cells was decreased. Meanwhile, both decreased expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11(P<0.05, P<0.05) and suppressed phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3 (P<0.05, P<0.05) indicated that ERK and STAT3 phosphorylation were inhibited and ferroptosis occured. Compared to the model group, the NaB group displayed reduced DAI (P<0.01), increased colon length (P<0.001). HE staining showed that colon structure was recoved AB-PAS staining indicated increased goblet cells. GSH level and SOD activity were increased (P<0.01, P<0.01), while MDA and Fe2+ levels decreased significantly (P<0.01, P<0.01). GPX4 and SLC7A11 protein expressions were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3 was significantly enhanced (P<0.05, P<0.05). Conclusion Sodium butyrate may play a protective role in inflammatory bowel disease through ERK and STAT3 phosphorylation and ferroptosis inhibition.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of fluid intake, urine output and hydration status among young males from Tianjin and Shanghai in different seasons, and to analyze the influencing factors. Methods A total of 289 male subjects aged 18-35 years were recruited from Shanghai and Tianjin during the surveys conducted in March, June, July, and December in 2024.Information on daily fluid intake and urination behaviors was recorded using a 24-hour drinking and urination questionnaire over three consecutive days. Urine samples were collected and volumetrically measured using graduated urine collection bottles. Hydration status was measured by using freezing point osmometry to test the osmolality of morning and afternoon urines for three days. The body composition was tested with a bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA). Results The median values for total fluid intake (TFI), urine volume, and urine frequency were 1415 ml, 1040 ml, and 6 times, respectively. The median urine osmolality values were 977 mOsm/kg (morning) and 918 mOsm/kg (afternoon), corresponding to dehydration prevalence of 84.1% (morning) and 66.7% (afternoon). Based on the average outdoor temperature(T) measured during the survey period, participants from the two cities were divided into two groups: T≤28℃ and T>28℃.Compared with the T≤28℃ group, the T>28℃ group had higher TFI (Shanghai: Z=6.49, P<0.01; Tianjin: Z = 6.55, P<0.01), lower urine volume (Shanghai: Z =–5.85, P<0.01; Tianjin: Z =–8.54, P<0.01) and frequency (Shanghai: Z =–4.08, P<0.01; Tianjin: Z =–12.76, P<0.01), and higher afternoon urine dehydration prevalence (Shanghai: χ² =5.99, P<0.05; Tianjin: χ²=27.27, P<0.01). No significant differences were observed in morning urine dehydration prevalence between different temperature groups. There were no significant differences in total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) between different temperature groups, while the T>28°C group had lower intracellular water (ICW) (Shanghai: Z=2.25, P<0.05; Tianjin: Z=2.37, P<0.05) and higher ECW/ICW (Shanghai: t=–4.06, P<0.01; Tianjin: t=–4.47, P<0.01) and ECW/TBW (Shanghai: t =–3.81, P<0.01; Tianjin: t =–4.45, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis revealed that exposure to the ambient temperatures higher than 28℃ was significantly associated with higher risk of dehydration for both morning urine (OR = 2.59, 95%CI: 1.60-4.20) and afternoon urine (OR = 5.13, 95%CI: 3.28-8.00). TFI more than 2000ml reduced the risk of dehydration for morning urine (OR=0.50, 95%CI: 0.25-0.98). Higher proportion of soup intake reduced the risk of dehydration for afternoon urine (OR =1.24, 95%CI: 1.02-1.50). The proportion of other types of liquid intake had no significant impact on the risk of dehydration. Conclusion Young males in Tianjin and Shanghai commonly exhibit inadequate water consumption and a high dehydration incidence. Higher outdoor temperatures increase the risk of dehydration. Daily water intake exceeding 2000 ml decreases the risk of dehydration.

Objective This cross-sectional study utilized National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data to investigate the epidemiological relationship between Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) and female-specific malignancies, providing evidence for optimizing dietary strategies in female cancer prevention. Methods A total of 12 624 women aged ≥20 years (mean age: 51.2 years) from NHANES (2013-2023) were included. CDAI was calculated from two 24-hour dietary recalls by integrating intakes of vitamins A,C,E, zinc, selenium, and carotenoids. Spearman correlation analysis was used to initially assess linear associations between CDAI and gynecological cancers. Multivariable logistic regression models (adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle confounders) were applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) across the CDAI quartiles (Q1-Q4). Subgroup heterogeneity was examined. Results CDAI was significantly and inversely correlated with uterine cancer (r=–0.023, P=0.01) and cervical cancer (r=–0.25, P=0.005), but not significantly associated with breast or ovarian cancer (P>0.05). Multivariate models revealed that the risk of uterine cancer in the highest quartile group (Q4) of CDAI was significantly lower than that in the Q1 group (OR=0.488, 95%CI: 0.285-0.834, P=0.011). Subgroup analyses indicated a more pronounced negative correlation between CDAI and endometrial cancer risk in individuals aged <60 years and those with obesity, with no interaction effects by age or race (P>0.05). Conclusion Synergistic intakes of dietary antioxidants are associated with a reduced risk of uterinecancer. Among them, the synergistic intake of vitamin C, E, and zinc has potential preventive significance.

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes in early infant enterotypes, the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and their associations with neurodevelopment. Methods Using a birth cohort study design, 163 healthy full-term infants born at West China Second University Hospital/West China Women's and Children's Hospital of Sichuan University between November 2020 and September 2021 were enrolled. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 7, and 30 after birth, and neurodevelopment was assessed using the ASQ-3 questionnaire at 12 months of age. Based on sample and questionnaire completeness, 69 infants completed the ASQ-3 assessment. A total of 38, 57, and 62 fecal samples from healthy full-term infants were included for subsequent analysis on days 0, 7, and 30, respectively. By integrating 16S rRNA sequencing, gas chromatography analysis, and ASQ-3 assessment, correlations between enterotypes, SCFAs levels, and neurodevelopmental indicators were analyzed. Results Infant gut microbiota underwent significant time-dependent succession within the first 30 days after birth. The enterotype shifted from a Bifidobacterium-dominant profile (enterotype 2) at day 0 to a Streptococcus-dominant profile (enterotype 1) at day 7, and further to a Clostridium-dominant profile (enterotype 3) at day 30. SCFAs levels also increased dynamically over time, with butyrate levels in the Clostridium-dominant enterotype (enterotype 3) being significantly higher than in other enterotypes at each time point. Correlation analyses indicated a significant positive association between enterotype and butyrate levels across all time points. A significant negative correlation was observed between enterotype at day 0 and communication domain scores, as well as between enterotype at day 7 and gross motor domain scores. Furthermore, propionate levels at days 0 and 30 were significantly negatively correlated with problem-solving domain scores on the ASQ-3 questionnaire, while acetate levels at day 7 were significantly negatively correlated with fine motor, problem-solving, and personal-social domain scores. Conclusion This study reveals the dynamic succession of early infant gut microbiota and fluctuations in SCFAs metabolism, as well as their associations with infant neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Objective To explore the effects of manganese supplementation on lung inflammation in obese asthmatic mice exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) and to provide new insights for clinical treatment. Methods Sixty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups: control group (CON), obesity group (HF), asthma group (OVA), obese asthma group (HF+OVA), and obese asthmatic manganese intervention group (Mn, hereinafter referred to as the Mn intervention group), with 12 mice in each group. Groups HF, HF+OVA, and Mn were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks, and the other two groups were fed a control diet. Mice in the OVA, HF+OVA, and Mn intervention groups were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of 200 μl of 0.05 mg/ml OVA sensitization solution on the first day of the 9th, 10th, and 11th weeks. On the 12th week, mice were treated by nasal drip 50 μl of 0.05 mg/ml OVA saline solution for 3 consecutive days to induce asthma. During the feeding period of high-fat diet, the Mn intervention group received 1 mg/kg MnCl2 intranasally every two days to induce asthma. After the last nasal drip exposure, asthmatic behavioral changes were observed and airway hyperresponsiveness was measured. Body weight was measured every fortnight during the modeling period, body composition was measured after 12 weeks. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in lung tissues. White blood cells in mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted and classified. The Mn contents in the serum and lung tissues were detected, and the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in BALF were analyzed. Results Compared with the CON group, the mice in the HF group gained 12.4% in body weight, while the HF+OVA group gained 23.2%. The body fat ratios increased by 46.1% and 67.7% in the HF and HF+OVA groups, indicating the obesity model was successfully constructed. The mice in the OVA and HF+OVA groups showed symptoms such as nose scratching and nodding breathing, with increased airway hyperresponsiveness, indicating that the asthma model was established. Significant pathological changes were observed in the lung tissue of asthma mice, with an increased number of inflammatory cells and elevated levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. These symptoms were more pronounced in HF+OVA mice (P0.05). Compared with the HF+OVA group, mice in the Mn intervention group showed a 17.9% reduction in body weight and a 27.4% reduction in body fat ratio. Meanwhile, asthma symptoms were mitigated, airway hyperresponsiveness decreased, and pathological damages to lung tissues reduced. The number of inflammatory cells was decreased, and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α levels declined (P0.05). Conclusion Mn supplementation protects against inflammatory responses in the lungs of obese asthmatic mice, and its mechanism is related to inhibited inflammatory responses.

Objective To investigate the potential association between maternal total fluid intake at 3 months of infant age and breastfeeding practices and duration. Methods The study was embedded in the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort. Information on total fluid intake for postpartum women was collected via telephone interviews at 3 months of infant age. Total fluid intake was categorized by quartiles. Information on breastfeeding practices and duration was collected via telephone interviews at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of infant age. Breastfeeding practice was divided into full breastfeeding (FBF) and any breastfeeding (ABF). Logistic and multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the association of total fluid intake with breastfeeding practices and duration. Results Among 2483 postpartum women-infants, 1350 (54.4%) and 966 (38.9%) received FBF at 3 and 6 months of infant age, respectively, and 2056 (82.8%), 1774 (71.4%), and 646 (36.8%) received ABF at 3, 6, and 12 months of infant age, respectively. The medium (interquartile range) of total fluid intake was 1600 ml (1250-2000 ml). About 2352 (94.7%) did not meet the recommended intake (2600ml). Compared to the mothers with the highest quartile of total fluid intake, those with the lowest quartile of total fluid intake were more likely to cease FBF at 3 months (OR=3.87; 95% CI = 3.03–4.96) and at 6 months (OR=3.05; 95% CI=2.38–3.92) of infant age, and to cease ABF at 12 months of infant age (OR=1.67; 95% CI=1.28–2.17). However, among mother-infants who received FBF at 3 months of infant age, fluid intake at 3 months of infant age was not significantly associated with breastfeeding practices at 6 and 12 months of infant age. Additionally, compared to the mothers with the highest quartile of total fluid intake, those with the lowest quartile of total fluid intake were more likely to cease breastfeeding early (adjusted β=－1.22; 95% CI=－1.85–0.58). Conclusion The postpartum women with lower total fluid intake were more likely to cease breastfeeding. Short duration of breastfeeding was positively associated with limited total fluid intake in postpartum women.

In emergency scenarios such as floods, mining disasters, earthquakes and epidemics, the metabolism and nutritional needs of the populations undergo significant changes. Malnutrition increases morbidity and mortality in disaster-affected populations, and thereby targeted nutritional support is crucial. We outline the nutritional risks faced by the populations and their intervention strategies in different emergency scenarios. The nutritional risks such as insufficient intakes of energy, protein and micronutrients are discussed and the nutritional interventions are proposed, so as to provide scientific basis for the development of highly adaptable and functional emergency life-saving foods.

Objective To investigate the protective action and molecular mechanisms of fucoxanthin (Fx) on cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice. Methods Fifty mice were divided into a control group (n = 10) and an experimental group (n = 40). The experimental group received an intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (7 mg/kg) once per week for four consecutive weeks to induce kidney injury. The experimental group was then further divided into four subgroups: model group, positive drug amifostine group (10 mg/kg), low-dose Fx group (50 mg/(kg·d)), and high-dose Fx group [100 mg/(kg·d)]. The normal and model groups received a standard diet, while the other three groups underwent respective interventions for another four weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed to measure serum levels of creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA). Oxidative enzyme activity, inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as kidney injury markers kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were assessed in kidney tissues. Histopathological changes in the kidney were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expressions of oxidative stress-related nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) family members and ferroptosis-related glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) proteins. Immunohistochemistry was also used to observe Nrf2 and GPX4 protein levels in kidney tissues. Results Fx intervention reduced serum CRE, BUN, and UA levels in mice, decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in the kidney, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and lowered KIM-1 and NGAL levels. Renal histopathological changes were also improved. Additionally, Fx increased the expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and GPX4 proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Fx treatment led to increased Nrf2 and GPX4 protein expression in kidney tissues. Conclusion Fx protests against cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice. The mechanism may involve alleviation of inflammation and oxidative stress, and inhibition of ferroptosis via activation of the Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway.

Objective To compare the effects of ketogenic diet (KD) and very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) on body weight control and liver injury in obese rats. Methods Thirty 3-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control group (CD group, n=6) and a diet-induced obesity group (DIO group, n=24). The DIO group was fed a 60% high-fat diet for 10 weeks to model obesity. Eighteen successfully modeled obese rats were randomly divided into three groups: KD group (n=6), VLCKD group (n=6), and high fat diet group (HFD group, n=6). After a 5-week intervention, changes of body weight (BW), abdominal circumference (AC), body length, food intake, blood glucose and ketones were recorded. The alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, liver injury, and oxidative stress were analyzed. Results The body weight and Lee's index of rats in the VLCKD group were significantly reduced. The improvements in blood glucose and lipid metabolism in the KD group were more pronounced than in the VLCKD group. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the liver were significantly lower in the VLCKD group than in the KD group. The improvements in malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in the liver were more pronounced in the KD group. Conclusion VLCKD and KD can improve glucose and lipid metabolism, liver inflammation, and oxidative stress in obese rats. VLCKD has a significant impact on liver inflammatory factors, while KD has a significant impact on liver oxidative stress.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of action of vanillic acid (VA) in regulating osteoclast differentiation and its effect on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Methods In vitro experiment: receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-treated RAW264.7 cells were used to establish an osteoclast differentiation model. The cells were divided into negative control (NC), RANKL- differentiated (Diff), and RANKL plus VA at 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L groups. Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8(CCK8) assay. The osteoclast differentiation was detected by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and immunoblot analysis of osteoclast differentiation-related proteins. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using a 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate（DCFH-DA）probe, and Western blotting was performed to detect nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2(Nrf2), Kelch like epichlorohydrin related protein 1(Keap1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) protein expressions. Additionally, ML385 was used to inhibit Nrf2 expression to evaluate its role in osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress. In vivo experiment: an osteoporosis model was established in OVX mice. The mice were divided into sham, OVX, OVX+estradiol (E2), OVX+VA50 mg/kg, and OVX+VA100 mg/kg (n= 6 per group) groups. Femoral bone structure was analyzed using micro computed tomography（Micro-CT）. Serum RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels were assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, and malondialdehyde (MDA)) were also quantified. Nrf2 expression in femur sections was evaluated immunofluorescently. Results In vitro: VA at concentrations of 1-500 μmol/L was non-toxic to RAW264.7 cells. Osteoclast differentiation, protein expression, and ROS levels were significantly elevated in the Diff group compared to the NC group (P<0.05). VA (200 μmol/L) significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation, decreased protein expression and ROS levels, promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and increased antioxidant enzyme (GCLC, SOD, CAT) expression (P<0.05). These changes were reversed after the inhibition of Nrf2 by ML385 (P<0.05). In vivo: compared to the sham group, OVX mice exhibited significantly reduced femoral structural mass, increased serum RANKL and MDA levels, and decreased serum OPG, SOD, and CAT levels, along with reduced Nrf2 expression (P<0.05). VA (100 mg/kg) treatment significantly improved bone structure, reduced serum RANKL and MDA levels, increased serum OPG, SOD, and CAT levels, and elevated Nrf2 expression compared to the OVX group (P<0.05). Conclusion VA mitigates osteoporosis in OVX mice by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and thereby inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress.

Objective To investigate the effects of high-protein diet on urinary metabolome in rats with food restriction. Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (8 per group). The normal control group received 15% casein diet and water ad-libitum. The food restriction group was pair-fed the 15% casein diet with 30% food intake of the normal control. The protein supplemented group was pair-fed 30% casein diet with the 30% food intake of the normal control. Urine samples were collected 2 weeks after pair feeding. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer was used to investigate the changes of urinary metabolite profiles. Results Both food restriction and protein supplemented groups significantly altered the urinary metabolites. Food restriction led to a decrease in the levels of citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, N-acetyl glycoprotein and an increase in the level of taurine in the urine, while the levels of citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and N-acetyl glycoprotein were higher in the protein supplemented group than in the food restriction group, and the level of taurine was also higher than in the food restriction group. Conclusion A high-protein diet is helpful in improving metabolic disorders in the food restricted rats.

Objective To analyze the correlation between nutrition literacy and food choice among elementary and middle school students in Beijing．MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted from September 2020 to January 2021 using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method among 10000 students from 16 districts of Beijing. The "Nutrition Literacy Questionnaire for School-age Children" was used to collect information on nutrition literacy and "Food Frequency Questionnaire" was filled out to collect information on food intake. Both nutrition literacy and dietary behavior were scored, with the total score of nutrition literacy converted to a percentage. The students who scored more than 80 were defined as having nutrition literacy and were divided into two groups based on their nutrition literacy. The t-test was used to compare their dietary behavior scores, while chi-square test was used to compare the frequencies of various food intake. A multiple linear regression analysis with the eating behavior score as the dependent variable was conducted. Results For students in grades 3-12, only 11.7% had nutrition literacy. In terms of daily food intake, individuals with nutrition literacy had higher proportions of consuming breakfast daily, coarse grains, fruits, vegetables, dark-colored vegetables, dairy products, and soy products at rates of 93.8%, 44.8%, 82.4%, 89.0%, 67.0%, 66.6%, and 21.5% respectively. They also consumed mushrooms or algae, seafood, and animal livers at least once a week at rates of 88.0%, 80.7%, and 41.9% respectively, all of which were higher than those without nutrition literacy. Conversely, the proportions of consuming sugar-sweetened beverage, fried food and western fast food at least once a week were lower among individuals with nutrition literacy at 53.6%, 48.5%, and 40.0% respectively (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the dietary behavior score was positively correlated with nutrition literacy (β=0.277,P<0.001). Conclusion The nutrition literacy levels of the surveyed students were relatively low, and those with higher levels of nutrition literacy usually chose foods in a healthier way.

Objective To explore the association between the levels of major carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene) in mature breast milk of postpartum women in Shanghai and the allergic reactions in infants, so as to provide a scientific theoretical framework and strategic basis for the prevention and management of allergic reactions in infants. Methods Healthy singleton full-term lactating women and their newborns were recruited from the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department of Xinhua hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to August 2019. Mature breast milk samples were collected from women within 200 to 400 days postpartum. Baby's allergy status from birth to the day of breast milk collection was also investigated. High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect the contents of carotenoids in breast milks. Mann Whitney U test and logistic regression were used to analyze the association between carotenoid levels in breast milks and allergic reactions in infants. Results A total of 200 pairs of maternal and infant data were included. Lutein was the most abundant carotenoid in the analyzed breast milks. Among them, 70 infants and young children reported a history of allergies. The Mann Whitney U test indicated that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the contents of lutein and zeaxanthin in breast milks between infants with allergic symptoms and those without allergic symptoms. Logistic regression analysis further showed that as the lutein content in mature breast milks gradually increased, the risk of allergic symptoms in infants gradually decreased (OR=0.843, 95% CI: 0.714-0.996),while other carotenoid levels were not significantly associated with allergic risk. Conclusion The level of lutein in breast milk has a positive impact on allergic reactions in infants. Therefore, the intake level of lutein during early life development in infants may have important clinical significance.

Objective To explore the effect of different acute high-altitude exposure durations on appetite and intestinal flora in mice. Methods Thiry SPF C57BL/6J male mice aged 7-8 weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups, with 10 mice in each group: plain control group (group P), acute plateaus 1 day group (group G1), and acute plateaus 7 days group (group G7). Among them, Group G7 was transferred to the plateau environment simulation cabin (simulated altitude of 5 000 m) immediately after the experiment began until the experiment ended. Group P was fed in the plain animal house. Group G1 was fed in the plain animal house for 3 days, and then transferred to the simulated cabin of plateau environment (simulated altitude of 5 000 m) for 1 day. During the experiment, the body weight and food intake were recorded every day. At the end of the environmental simulation, feces samples were collected into freezing tube, and blood samples were collected from orbital vein and serum was separated. The contents of NPY and PYY in the serum were determined by ELISA kits. After DNA extraction from mouse feces samples, the V3-V4 region in the variable region of 16S rDNA was selected for PCR amplification, DNA sequencing analysis and functional classification annotation. Results The acute plateaus exposure obviously inhibited the appetite of mice, and at the same time caused the weight loss. After entering the plateau, serum content of PYY increased and the NPY decreased. Among them, there was a significant difference between the group G1 and the group P (P<0.05). The low-pressure hypoxia exposure affected the composition of intestinal flora diversity in mice. The relative abundance of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium decreased, while the relative abundance of Enterococcus increased. The functional annotation results of COG gene showed that the functional characteristics of carbohydrates, amino acids and energy metabolism in the intestinal flora were increased. Rapid entry into the plateau environment adversely affected the generation and transformation of energy in intestinal flora and the expression of related genes such as biosynthesis, transport and catabolism of secondary metabolites. Conclusion Acute high-altitude exposure significantly suppresses the appetite and affected the composition of intestinal flora diversity.

Objective To investigate whether calcium supplementation at different times of the day affects myocardial health, providing a scientific basis for calcium supplementation. Methods Sixty SPF-grade female ICR mice were divided into four groups: morning control (MC), evening control (EC), morning calcium supplementation (MS), and evening calcium supplementation (ES). The calcium-supplemented groups were fed a 0.15% calcium diet and orally administered 6.75 g/(kg·d) of calcium carbonate solution, while the control groups were fed a 1.5% calcium diet and given an equal volume of water. After 10 weeks, the mice were euthanized, and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cardiac troponin (cTNT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and calcium kinetics were measured. The heart-to-body weight ratio was calculated, and cardiac pathology was assessed via histopathological staining. Transcriptome sequencing, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and Western blot were performed to analyze changes in myocardial-related gene and protein expression. Results Compared with the ES group, the MS group exhibited a significantly increased heart-to-body weight ratio (P<0.01). Both MS and ES groups showed elevated serum MDA levels (P<0.05), with a more pronounced increase in the MS group, while SOD activity tended to decrease in the MS group. Serum TNF-α, cTNT, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the MS group (P<0.05). Histopathological analysis revealed disordered myocardial cell arrangement, hypertrophic nuclei, inflammatory cell infiltration, and necrosis in the MS group. Differentially expressed genes between morning and evening calcium-supplemented groups were primarily enriched in the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and calcium signaling pathways. RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses demonstrated that, compared with the ES group, the MS group exhibited upregulated expression of Gadd45b and Plcb4 and downregulated expression of Cacna1g. Conclusion Morning calcium supplementation activates oxidative stress, exacerbates inflammation, and promotes myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac injury.

Objective To explore the effect of Lactobacillus bulgaricus GIM1.155 on the conjugative transfer of multi-drug resistant plasmid (RP4). Methods The donor bacterium was Escherichia coli MG1655 K12 containing multi-drug resistant plasmid RP4 with resistance against tetracycline, kanamycin and ampicillin, and the recipient bacterium was Klebsiella pneumoniae with meropenem resistance. The ratio of donor and recipient bacteria was kept at 1:1, and the splicing system was 10mL. Finally, the donor and recipient bacteria and splices were screened out using resistant plates containing different antibiotics, and the frequency of conjugative transfer was calculated. The effects of donor and recipient volume gradients (10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹ CFUml), as well as GIM1.155 volume gradients (10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰ CFU/ml), temperature (4, 25, 37℃), time (1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48h) and pH (2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9) on the conjugative transfer of RP4 plasmid were investigated. Results Lactobacillus bulgaricus GIM1.155 could promote the conjugative transfer of RP4 plasmid from E. coli MG1655 K12 to K. pneumoniae, and the promotion effect was dependent on the amount of the donor-recipient bacterium, the amount of the bacterium of GIM1.155, as well as the temperature, time and pH of conjugative transfer. Conclusion Lactobacillus bulgaricus GIM1.155 can promote the conjugative transfer of multi-drug resistant plasmid RP4 under certain conditions.

Objective To analyze the effects of tryptophan (Trp) on the Trp-targeted metabolites and intestinal flora in mice with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) based on Trp-targeted metabolomics and 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice aged 5-6 weeks were randomly divided into a control group (control, n=15) and an experimental group (n=30). The control group was fed a normal diet, while the experimental group was fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with a fat ratio of 60% to establish the MAFLD mouse model. The modeling time was 16 weeks. After the model was successfully constructed, the mice in the experimental group was randomly divided into the HFD group (n=10) and the Trp group (n=10). The HFD group was orally given the same amount of 0.9% normal saline, and the Trp group was given Trp at 50mg/ (kg·d). Both groups were intervened for 8 weeks. The body weight, food intake, liver wet weight, liver index, liver pathological changes, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and serum transaminase levels, as well as ileal pathology and mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins were detected. The intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites were detected by 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing and Trp-targeted metabolomics technology, and the association analysis between the differential microbiota and Trp-targeted metabolites was conducted through Spearman correlation analysis. Results Compared with the control group, the lipid deposition in the liver of mice in the HFD group increased significantly, and the body weight, liver wet weight and liver index increased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the HFD group, the lipid deposition in the liver of mice in the Trp group was significantly reduced, and the body weight (P<0.01), liver wet weight (P<0.01), and liver index all decreased significantly (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of ileal tight junction proteins was up-regulated. The abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Allobaculum, as well as the diversity of intestinal flora were increased. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the level of the Trp metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of Allobaculum (P<0.001). Conclusion Trp has an improving effect on MAFLD in mice, which is related to the enrichment of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Allobaculum and the reduction of 5-HIAA production.

Objective To investigate the association of serum ferritin (SF) with glycemic parameters, including fasting glucose, fasting insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, and insulin resistance index. Methods The subjects of the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were stratified by sex and divided into four groups according to the quartile of SF level. Logistic regression was used to study the risk association between SF and glucose metabolism-related indexes, and the dose-response relationship was explored by restricted cubic spline. Results A total of 7271 subjects participants were included in this studyin which 3276 were males and 3995 were females and serum ferritin levels were significantly higher in males than females. In males, the highest SF level group (Q4) had a higher risk of hyperglycemia, glycated hemoglobin abnormalities, and insulin resistance compared with the lowest SF level group (Q1) (Ptrend<0.05) with a linear dose-response association (Poverall<0.05, Pnonlinear>0.05). In females, the highest SF level group (Q4) had a higher risk of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and glycated hemoglobin abnormality compared with the lower SF level group (Q2) (Ptrend<0.05). There was a nonlinear dose-response association between SF and the first three indicaters (Poverall<0.05, Pnonlinear<0.05) and a linear dose-response association with glycated hemoglobin abnormalities (Poverall<0.05, Pnonlinear>0.05). Conclusion There is a dose-response association between SF level and glycemic parameters in Chinese adult. For those with hyperglycemia, it isrecommended that SF should be maintained at a lower level within the current normal range.