Objective To review the effects of choline on early childhood cognitive function and growth development, middle-age and elderly cognitive function, metabolic associated fatty liver disease, body composition, cancer, risk of mortality. Methods Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and SinoMed from 2003.01 to 2024.05 were searched for systematic reviews, meta-analysis and prospective studies related to the association between choline and health outcomes. Results A total of 90 studies from 34655 papers were included. We found that: (1) higher choline intake was correlated with better cognitive function such as memory, language, learning, attention, and executive function in infants and children aged 6 months to 7 years; (2) choline intake was positively correlated with the height and weight of infants, and could also improve growth (such as body weight and head circumference) in infants with prenatal alcohol exposure; (3) higher intake of choline showed a significant association with enhanced cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults, which contributed to reduced Alzheimer's disease incidence and attenuated progression of dementia-related symptoms; (4) choline intake could reduce the risk of fatty liver disease; (5) serum choline was associated with improved body composition; (6) no significant association was observed between choline and the overall risk of cancers or the risk of all-cause mortality. Conclusion Choline is closely associated with a variety of beneficial health outcomes. Choline-rich foods should be reasonably consumed as part of a healthy diet to obtain maximum health benefits.

Objective To explore the differences in dietary fatty acid intake among patients with obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia and to evaluate their dose-response relationships. Methods This case-control study enrolled 6,358 adult participants during 2014~2024 from the Nutrition Health Atlas Project (NHAP). The basic information, physical indicators, health and dietary information of the subjects were collected by the Internet-based Dietary and Lifestyle Questionnaire for Chinese Residents (IDQC). Independent sample t test and Chi-square test were used to compare the differences in dietary fatty acid intake between different disease groups. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between the intakes of different types of fatty acids and the prevalences of obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to explore the dose-response relationship. Results Compared with participants in the lowest quintile, both butyric acid and α-linolenic acid were associated with a reduced risk of obesity among participants in the highest quintile, whereas pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) was suggestively linked to an elevated risk of obesity (OR_{butyric acid}=0.602, 95% CI: 0.471~0.767; OR_{α-linolenic acid}=0.777, 95% CI: 0.607~0.993; OR_C15:0=1.767, 95% CI: 1.320~2.367). Arachidonic acid intake was associated with a reduced risk of hypertension (OR =0.481, 95% CI: 0.330~0.697). The results of RCS analysis showed that there was a significant nonlinear relationship between butyrate and obesity (P nonlinear=0.027). There was a significant nonlinear relationship between arachidonic acid and hypertension (P nonlinear=0.042). Conclusion Higher dietary intake of butyric acid and α-linolenic acid are protective for obesity, while higher dietary intake of arachidonic acid is protective for hypertension in a dose-response pattern. Additionally, pentadecanoic acid may increase the risk of obesity.

Dyslipidemia is closely associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Cordycepin, a key bioactive compound derived from the medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris, shows promising potential in regulating lipid metabolism. Current experimental evidence indicates its beneficial effects on improving blood lipid profiles. We summarize research progress in the hypolipidemic action of cordycepin based on experimental studies. Its underlying mechanisms are also explored, including inhibition of lipid synthesis, promotion of fatty acid oxidation, modulation of the gut microbiota-short-chain fatty acid axis, and amelioration of oxidative stress, metabolic inflammation, and autophagy homeostasis.

Objective To explore the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth outcomes among Chinese women. Methods We collected data on pre-pregnancy BMI, prenatal weight, and birth outcomes. Total GWG was calculated and categorized as insufficient, appropriate, or excessive based on the Chinese health standard (WS/T 801-2022) and the IOM 2009 guidelines. Adverse birth outcomes included small vulnerable newborns (SVN: small for gestational age, low birth weight, or preterm birth), large-sized newborns (large for gestational age or macrosomia). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between GWG and adverse birth outcomes, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated. Results A total of 8,126 mother-infant pairs were included in the study. According to the WS/T 801, 7.6%, 42.3%, and 50.1% of the women had insufficient, appropriate, or excessive GWG, respectively, while under the IOM 2009, these proportions were 23.7%, 42.1%, and 34.2%, respectively. Among infants, 12.7% were SVN, 12.8% were large-sized newborns, and 24.5% presented with adverse birth outcomes. Based on the WS/T801, compared with the normal pre-pregnancy BMI and appropriate weight gain group, the OR (95% CI) for SVN in the pre-pregnancy underweight and normal BMI groups with insufficient weight gain were 2.00 (1.38, 2.90) and 1.77 (1.32, 2.36), respectively. For large-sized newborns, the OR (95% CI) in the excessive weight gain group were 1.66 (1.18, 2.34) and 2.21 (1.84, 2.65), respectively. In the pre-pregnancy overweight/obese group, the OR (95% CI) for large-sized newborns among those with excessive weight gain during pregnancy was 3.38 (2.73, 4.18). Among the normal pre-pregnancy BMI group and the pre-pregnancy overweight/obese group, the OR (95% CI) for adverse birth outcomes in those with excessive weight gain were 1.15 (1.01, 1.32) and 1.53 (1.29, 1.82), respectively. In the pre-pregnancy underweight and normal BMI groups, the OR (95% CI) for adverse birth outcomes in those with insufficient weight gain were 1.33 (1.01, 1.74) and 1.47 (1.03, 2.10), respectively. Based on the IOM criteria, the OR (95% CI) for adverse birth outcomes in the pre-pregnancy overweight or obese group with appropriate weight gain was 1.38 (1.10, 1.72). Conclusion Both the WS/T 801 and IOM 2009 criteria can reduce the risk of adverse birth outcomes. The WS/T 801 standard is more conducive to guiding Chinese women in preventing SVN and large-sized newborns, and thereby achieving favorable birth outcomes.

Objective Based on the Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI_22), this study comprehensively evaluated the dietary quality of adult residents in Guangdong Province from 2002 to 2022, aiming to identify long-term trends and existing deficiencies, and provide data support and theoretical guidance for implementing targeted nutritional interventions. Methods Data from four rounds of the Guangdong Provincial Nutrition and Health Monitoring Survey (2002-2022) were utilized, focusing on permanent adult residents aged 18 years and older. A multistage stratified cluster sampling approach was employed. Dietary data were collected using a 3-day 24-hour dietary recall method combined with weighing techniques. The DBI_22 was applied to calculate scores for various indicators, including positive-end score (HBS), negative-end score (LBS), and dietary quality distance (DQD). Data were weighted and analyzed using χ², Kruskal-Wallis H, or Jonckheere-Terpstra trend tests, with stratified comparisons by gender and urban/rural residence. Results During the study period, the overall dietary quality of adult residents in Guangdong Province remained persistently in a state of “moderate imbalance” (median DQD scores ranging from 36 to 41 points), characterized by concurrent “moderate deficiencies of intake” and “mild excesses of intake.” Severe deficiencies existed in vegetable/fruit, dairy, and soy product intakes (deficiency rates ranging from 77.23% to 89.46% and 95.61% to 99.07%), with limited improvement over two decades. While grain overconsumption decreased from 43.63% to 28.18%, deficiency rates rose to 17.40%. Animal food consumption patterns underwent significant shifts by transitioning from predominant deficiency (26.07% deficiency rate in 2002) to emerging excess (16.40% excess rate in 2022). Persistent issues include excessive intakes of pure energy foods and condiments and insufficient dietary diversity. Stratified analysis revealed significant urban-rural, gender, and socioeconomic differences in dietary quality. Dietary imbalances were more pronounced among rural residents, males, low-educated individuals, and low-income groups. Imbalances among urban residents, males, and high-income individuals were primarily driven by “excess”, while those among rural residents, females, and low-income individuals stemmed mainly from “insufficiency”. Conclusion Although dietary quality among Guangdong adults has improved over the past two decades, it remains at a moderate level of dietary imbalance. Future efforts should establish a comprehensive intervention system tailored to urban and rural contexts through precise policy measures.

Nutrition is an important factor to improve muscle performance and post-exercise recovery. A well-balanced diet can protect against oxidative stress, inflammatory response and proteolysis in muscle tissue caused by high-intensity exercise, and alleviate muscle fatigue and injury. The nutrients and phytochemicals in natural foods have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity, and promote protein synthesis and enhance mitochondrial function, resulting in improved muscle performance. In this review, the effects and the molecular mechanisms of dietary proteins, amino acids, fatty acids and phytochemicals on muscle performance and mitochondrial function were outlined to provide a theoretical basis for the development of dietary supplements.

Objective To explore the association between the levels of major carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene) in mature breast milk of postpartum women in Shanghai and the allergic reactions in infants, so as to provide a scientific theoretical framework and strategic basis for the prevention and management of allergic reactions in infants. Methods Healthy singleton full-term lactating women and their newborns were recruited from the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department of Xinhua hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to August 2019. Mature breast milk samples were collected from women within 200 to 400 days postpartum. Baby's allergy status from birth to the day of breast milk collection was also investigated. High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect the contents of carotenoids in breast milks. Mann Whitney U test and logistic regression were used to analyze the association between carotenoid levels in breast milks and allergic reactions in infants. Results A total of 200 pairs of maternal and infant data were included. Lutein was the most abundant carotenoid in the analyzed breast milks. Among them, 70 infants and young children reported a history of allergies. The Mann Whitney U test indicated that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the contents of lutein and zeaxanthin in breast milks between infants with allergic symptoms and those without allergic symptoms. Logistic regression analysis further showed that as the lutein content in mature breast milks gradually increased, the risk of allergic symptoms in infants gradually decreased (OR=0.843, 95% CI: 0.714-0.996),while other carotenoid levels were not significantly associated with allergic risk. Conclusion The level of lutein in breast milk has a positive impact on allergic reactions in infants. Therefore, the intake level of lutein during early life development in infants may have important clinical significance.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of fluid intake, urine output and hydration status among young males from Tianjin and Shanghai in different seasons, and to analyze the influencing factors. Methods A total of 289 male subjects aged 18-35 years were recruited from Shanghai and Tianjin during the surveys conducted in March, June, July, and December in 2024.Information on daily fluid intake and urination behaviors was recorded using a 24-hour drinking and urination questionnaire over three consecutive days. Urine samples were collected and volumetrically measured using graduated urine collection bottles. Hydration status was measured by using freezing point osmometry to test the osmolality of morning and afternoon urines for three days. The body composition was tested with a bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA). Results The median values for total fluid intake (TFI), urine volume, and urine frequency were 1415 ml, 1040 ml, and 6 times, respectively. The median urine osmolality values were 977 mOsm/kg (morning) and 918 mOsm/kg (afternoon), corresponding to dehydration prevalence of 84.1% (morning) and 66.7% (afternoon). Based on the average outdoor temperature(T) measured during the survey period, participants from the two cities were divided into two groups: T≤28℃ and T>28℃.Compared with the T≤28℃ group, the T>28℃ group had higher TFI (Shanghai: Z=6.49, P<0.01; Tianjin: Z = 6.55, P<0.01), lower urine volume (Shanghai: Z =–5.85, P<0.01; Tianjin: Z =–8.54, P<0.01) and frequency (Shanghai: Z =–4.08, P<0.01; Tianjin: Z =–12.76, P<0.01), and higher afternoon urine dehydration prevalence (Shanghai: χ² =5.99, P<0.05; Tianjin: χ²=27.27, P<0.01). No significant differences were observed in morning urine dehydration prevalence between different temperature groups. There were no significant differences in total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) between different temperature groups, while the T>28°C group had lower intracellular water (ICW) (Shanghai: Z=2.25, P<0.05; Tianjin: Z=2.37, P<0.05) and higher ECW/ICW (Shanghai: t=–4.06, P<0.01; Tianjin: t=–4.47, P<0.01) and ECW/TBW (Shanghai: t =–3.81, P<0.01; Tianjin: t =–4.45, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis revealed that exposure to the ambient temperatures higher than 28℃ was significantly associated with higher risk of dehydration for both morning urine (OR = 2.59, 95%CI: 1.60-4.20) and afternoon urine (OR = 5.13, 95%CI: 3.28-8.00). TFI more than 2000ml reduced the risk of dehydration for morning urine (OR=0.50, 95%CI: 0.25-0.98). Higher proportion of soup intake reduced the risk of dehydration for afternoon urine (OR =1.24, 95%CI: 1.02-1.50). The proportion of other types of liquid intake had no significant impact on the risk of dehydration. Conclusion Young males in Tianjin and Shanghai commonly exhibit inadequate water consumption and a high dehydration incidence. Higher outdoor temperatures increase the risk of dehydration. Daily water intake exceeding 2000 ml decreases the risk of dehydration.

Objective To explore the association between dietary patterns and sarcopenia among community-dwelling elderly in Shanghai and the potential mediating role of inflammation in this association, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the dietary prevention and control of sarcopenia. Methods Using convenience sampling, participants were adults aged 65 years and older who voluntarily participated in sarcopenia screening during the 2023-2024 elderly health examination program in Kangqiao Community Health Center, Shanghai. Demographic information was collected by questionnaires. Dietary intake over the past year was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire covering 19 food groups. Principal component analysis was applied to identify dietary patterns. Factor scores of dietary patterns were divided into quartiles (Q1~Q4). Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 (AWGS2019) criteria, including handgrip strength, five-time chair stand test and appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM) mass. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure biochemical and hematological parameters. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association between dietary patterns and sarcopenia. Mediation analysis was conducted to examine the role of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the relationship between dietary patterns and sarcopenia risk. Results A total of 5,930 participants were included, with a sarcopenia prevalence of 5.1%, including 2,734 males (46.1%) and 3,196 females (53.9%). The median age was 71 (68, 74) years. Five dietary patterns were identified, including aquatic-processed meat-plant pattern, egg-dairy-fruit pattern, vegetable pattern, meat pattern and refined carbohydrate pattern. The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the lowest quartile (Q1) of the egg-dairy-fruit pattern, the highest quartile (Q4) was associated with a reduced risk of sarcopenia (OR=0.54, 95% CI=0.38-0.78). No significant associations were found between the other four dietary patterns and sarcopenia (P>0.05). Mediation analysis indicated that NLR played a significant mediating role in the association between the egg-dairy-fruit pattern and sarcopenia (mediation proportion=5.3%, P<0.001). Conclusion The egg-dairy-fruit pattern is negatively associated with the risk of sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults. Inflammation may play a partial mediating role in this association.

The nutritional value of dietary proteins varies significantly due to their differences in amino acid compositions and the digestion and absorption rates. Adequate methods for evaluating protein nutritional quality are crucial for guiding public dietary practices and developing protein resources. This article reviews the historical evolution of the assessment methodologies for protein quality is outlined and the future perspectives are also discussed, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the precise evaluation of protein nutritional value and the development of high-quality protein food resources.

Objective To investigate the effects of magnesium metabolism-related gene polymorphisms on plasma magnesium status and their interaction with dietary magnesium intake in Chinese adults aged 45 years and above. Methods This study utilized data from the 2015 China Nutrition and Health Surveillance. A total of 2,431 participants aged ≥45 years were selected using stratified random sampling. Genotyping for TRPM6 rs2274924, CNNM2 rs3740393, CLDN9 rs719676, and FXYD2 rs948100 was performed using the SNPscan technique. Plasma magnesium concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multiple linear regression and logistic regression models were employed to assess the associations between genotypes and plasma magnesium levels as well as the risk of magnesium deficiency, respectively. The interaction between genotypes and dietary magnesium intake status (adequate/inadequate) was tested. All models were adjusted for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, education level, residence (urban/rural), region (east/central/west), and dietary magnesium intake status. Results The median plasma magnesium concentration of the study population was 0.87 mmol/L. The CC genotype of CNNM2 rs3740393 was associated with higher plasma magnesium levels (β=0.019, 95% CI: 0.002-0.036, P=0.028). The CG genotype of FXYD2 rs948100 was associated with a lower risk of magnesium deficiency (OR=0.386, 95% CI: 0.161-0.925, P=0.033). Interaction analysis revealed a significant interaction between TRPM6 rs2274924 and adequate dietary magnesium intake (TT×adequate: β=0.052, 95%CI: 0.024-0.081, P-FDR=0.003; CT × adequate: β=0.039, 95% CI: 0.010-0.069, P-FDR=0.034). Plasma magnesium levels were significantly higher in carriers of the TT and CT genotypes. Conclusion This study confirms in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population that CNNM2 and FXYD2 gene variants are independent influencing factors for plasma magnesium status, while the TRPM6 gene variant exhibits an interaction with dietary intake.

Objective To explore how personalized nutritional guidance influences the food choices and dietary patterns of dinner in obese adults undergoing weight management. Methods The study was conducted within a weight management camp in Shanghai. Fifteen male obese adults (BMI≥28), recruited between February and August 2025, were included. A self-pre-post control design was adopted. Before the intervention, a smart dietary assessment system (SAT) was used to conduct a dinner matching test and collect baseline dietary data. A 4-week personalized nutritional intervention was then implemented, comprising standardized meal guidance, systematic nutritional education, and a structured exercise protocol. After the intervention, the SAT test was repeated. Anthropometric measurements (including weight, body fat ratio, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio) and data on the dietary structure of self-prepared dinners via the SAT system were collected before and after the intervention. Paired sample t-test was used for normally distributed data analysis Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied for non-normally distributed data analysis. Results Following the weight management intervention, significant reductions were observed in weight, body fat ratio, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio (P<0.05). Regarding dietary structure, the intakes of livestock, poultry, fish, and eggs were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Energy and protein intakes also showed a significant reduction (P<0.05). The proportions were of the three macronutrients in energy contribution shifted closer to the recommendations by the Chinese Nutrition Society. However, dietary fiber intake remained inadequate. Excessive intake of certain minerals (such as phosphorus and iron) was alleviated, while inadequate dietary calcium intake persisted. The intake of B vitamins showed a decline. Conclusion Personalized dietary guidance can help of obese individuals to adequately choose foods for evening meals, and facilitate a shift towards a more rational dietary pattern. [ACTA NUTRIMENTA SINICA,2025,47（6）：553–559]

Objective This cross-sectional study utilized National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data to investigate the epidemiological relationship between Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) and female-specific malignancies, providing evidence for optimizing dietary strategies in female cancer prevention. Methods A total of 12 624 women aged ≥20 years (mean age: 51.2 years) from NHANES (2013-2023) were included. CDAI was calculated from two 24-hour dietary recalls by integrating intakes of vitamins A,C,E, zinc, selenium, and carotenoids. Spearman correlation analysis was used to initially assess linear associations between CDAI and gynecological cancers. Multivariable logistic regression models (adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle confounders) were applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) across the CDAI quartiles (Q1-Q4). Subgroup heterogeneity was examined. Results CDAI was significantly and inversely correlated with uterine cancer (r=–0.023, P=0.01) and cervical cancer (r=–0.25, P=0.005), but not significantly associated with breast or ovarian cancer (P>0.05). Multivariate models revealed that the risk of uterine cancer in the highest quartile group (Q4) of CDAI was significantly lower than that in the Q1 group (OR=0.488, 95%CI: 0.285-0.834, P=0.011). Subgroup analyses indicated a more pronounced negative correlation between CDAI and endometrial cancer risk in individuals aged <60 years and those with obesity, with no interaction effects by age or race (P>0.05). Conclusion Synergistic intakes of dietary antioxidants are associated with a reduced risk of uterinecancer. Among them, the synergistic intake of vitamin C, E, and zinc has potential preventive significance.

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes in early infant enterotypes, the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and their associations with neurodevelopment. Methods Using a birth cohort study design, 163 healthy full-term infants born at West China Second University Hospital/West China Women's and Children's Hospital of Sichuan University between November 2020 and September 2021 were enrolled. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 7, and 30 after birth, and neurodevelopment was assessed using the ASQ-3 questionnaire at 12 months of age. Based on sample and questionnaire completeness, 69 infants completed the ASQ-3 assessment. A total of 38, 57, and 62 fecal samples from healthy full-term infants were included for subsequent analysis on days 0, 7, and 30, respectively. By integrating 16S rRNA sequencing, gas chromatography analysis, and ASQ-3 assessment, correlations between enterotypes, SCFAs levels, and neurodevelopmental indicators were analyzed. Results Infant gut microbiota underwent significant time-dependent succession within the first 30 days after birth. The enterotype shifted from a Bifidobacterium-dominant profile (enterotype 2) at day 0 to a Streptococcus-dominant profile (enterotype 1) at day 7, and further to a Clostridium-dominant profile (enterotype 3) at day 30. SCFAs levels also increased dynamically over time, with butyrate levels in the Clostridium-dominant enterotype (enterotype 3) being significantly higher than in other enterotypes at each time point. Correlation analyses indicated a significant positive association between enterotype and butyrate levels across all time points. A significant negative correlation was observed between enterotype at day 0 and communication domain scores, as well as between enterotype at day 7 and gross motor domain scores. Furthermore, propionate levels at days 0 and 30 were significantly negatively correlated with problem-solving domain scores on the ASQ-3 questionnaire, while acetate levels at day 7 were significantly negatively correlated with fine motor, problem-solving, and personal-social domain scores. Conclusion This study reveals the dynamic succession of early infant gut microbiota and fluctuations in SCFAs metabolism, as well as their associations with infant neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Objective To investigate the preventive effect of a composite probiotic formulation (Bifidobacterium infantis R0033, Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071, and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052) on upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in infants and young children aged 0-24 months. Methods From November 2022 to July 2024, 192 infants and young children aged 0-24 months nationwide were recruited. Using a paired, randomized, controlled, double-blind design, subjects were assigned to an intervention group (n=111, composite probiotic preparation) or a control group (n=81, maltodextrin preparation). The intervention period lasted 3 months. During the intervention period, fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota analysis, and questionnaires were used to record feeding patterns, bowel movements, growth and development indicators, and disease incidence. Results The overall incidence of URTIs in infants and young children in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group (31.53% vs. 45.68%, P < 0.05), with a particularly pronounced protective effect observed during spring (4.46% vs.18.52%, P<0.01). Gut microbiota analysis revealed significantly increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Prevotella genera in the intervention group (LDA score >2, P<0.05). Conclusion Combined probiotic intervention significantly reduces the incidence of URTIs in infants and young children while improving respiratory symptoms, with particularly pronounced protective effects during spring.

Objective To investigate whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improve lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, by activating the AMPK and STAT3 signaling pathways via myogenic interleukin-6 (IL-6), respectively. Methods 1. C2C12 myotubes were treated with 50, 100, 200, or 400 μmol/L EPA or DHA for 24 h. After intervention, myotubes were co-cultured with mature adipocytes for 24 h. RT-PCR was used to detect mRNA expression of IL-6, ADAM10, ADAM17, and SOCS3 in myotubes. ELISA was performed to measure IL-6 content in the co-culture medium. 2. Myotubes were transfected with IL-6 siRNA, then treated with 200 μmol/L EPA or DHA. Meanwhile, adipocytes were pretreated for 4 h with the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (compound C) or the STAT3 inhibitor FLLL32. The treated myotubes and adipocytes were then co-cultured for 24 h. RT-PCR was used to detect mRNA expression of ATGL, HSL, PGC-1α, and SREBP-1c in adipocytes. Western blot was performed to analyze protein expression of IL-6, AMPK, p-AMPK, STAT3, and p-STAT3 in adipocytes. Results EPA (100, 200, 400 μmol/L) and DHA (200, 400 μmol/L) significantly upregulated IL-6, ADAM10, and ADAM17 expression in myotubes (P<0.01). Only DHA increased SOCS3 mRNA expression (P<0.05). IL-6 secretion was significantly increased by all concentrations except 50 μmol/L DHA (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Myotubes treated with 200 μmol/L EPA or DHA specifically increased the p-STAT3/STAT3 ratio (P<0.05) and p-AMPK/AMPK ratio (P<0.01) in co-cultured adipocytes, respectively. This effect was abolished by IL-6 silencing (P>0.05). EPA-treated myotubes significantly upregulated ATGL, PGC-1α, and SREBP-1c expression in adipocytes (P<0.05 or P<0.01). IL-6 silencing inhibited ATGL upregulation (P<0.01) but did not affect the expression of PGC-1α and SREBP-1c. Inhibition with FLLL32 (alone or combined with IL-6 siRNA) significantly reduced the expression of ATGL, PGC-1α, and SREBP-1c compared to the EPA intervention group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). DHA-treated myotubes significantly upregulated ATGL, HSL, and PGC-1α (P<0.05 or P<0.01) while downregulating SREBP-1c (P<0.01) in adipocytes. Inhibition with compound C (alone or combined with IL-6 siRNA) significantly reduced ATGL, HSL, and PGC-1α expression (P<0.01) but increased SREBP-1c expression compared to the DHA intervention group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion EPA and DHA at appropriate concentrations promote myogenic IL-6 secretion. EPA improves lipid metabolism primarily by activating the STAT3 pathway in adipocytes via IL-6, while DHA exerts its effects on lipid metabolism mainly through the IL-6-mediated AMPK pathway.

In emergency scenarios such as floods, mining disasters, earthquakes and epidemics, the metabolism and nutritional needs of the populations undergo significant changes. Malnutrition increases morbidity and mortality in disaster-affected populations, and thereby targeted nutritional support is crucial. We outline the nutritional risks faced by the populations and their intervention strategies in different emergency scenarios. The nutritional risks such as insufficient intakes of energy, protein and micronutrients are discussed and the nutritional interventions are proposed, so as to provide scientific basis for the development of highly adaptable and functional emergency life-saving foods.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of Rhizoma polygonati (RP) on dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC)and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Thirty-six male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divides into six groups (n=6 per group): control group (CON), model group (DSS), 5-aminosalicylic acid group(5-ASA, 400 mg/(kg·d)), low-dose RP group (RP-L, 2 g/(kg·d)), medium-dose RP group (RP-M, 4 g/(kg·d)], and high-dose RP group (RP-H, 8 g/(kg·d)]. Except for the CON, which received normal drinking water, all other groups were given 3.0 % DSS solution ad libitum for 7 days to induce UC. Starting from day 3 of modeling, the 5-ASA and RP groups were administed with 5-ASA or RP for 7 consecutive days. Body weight was recorded daily, and stool consistency and fecal bleeding were assessed to calculate the disease activity index (DAI) score. At the end of the experiment, mice were euthanized, and colon length was measured. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) -6, IL-1β, IL-10, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in colon tissue were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Colon tissue injury was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Results Compared with the CON group, RP-H treatment significantly reduced the DAI score (P<0.05), alleviated colon shortening (P<0.05), downregulated the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, upregulated IL-10 expression (P<0.05), and suppressed MPO activity. Histopathological examination revealed that RP-H intervention attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration and promoted goblet cell regeneration in colon tissue. Conclusion RP can effectively reduce colonic tissue injury in DSS-induced UC mice, party through the suppression of inflammatory responses.

Objective To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of selenocsteine (Sec) and resveratrol (Res) on ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group (CON), UC model group (M), Sec intervention group, and Res intervention group, with 8 mice in each group. A 14-day intervention experiment was conducted. The CON group drank distilled water normally, and distilled water was changed every two days. The M group, Sec group and Res group were treated with 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS）for 7 days after normal feeding for 3 days, followed by drinking distilled water for 4 days. At the same time, the Sec group and the Res group were given by gavage with Sec (0.9mg/kg) and Res (100mg/kg) for 14 days from the first day of the experiment, and the other groups were given saline. Finally, the mice were euthanized. The protective effect of Sec and Res on UC was evaluated by analyzing body weight, food intake, colon length, DAI score and histopathological changes. The expression level of p-RET in colon tissue was detected by Western blot, and Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the changes of UC parameters and RET phosphorylation after Sec and Res intervention. Results Compared with the CON group, the body weight and colon length of the M group were significantly reduced (P<0.05), the DAI score was significantly increased (P<0.05), and remarkable histopathological damages such as crypt deletion and inflammatory infiltrates were observed, and the level of p-RET protein was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Compared with the M group, the Res group significantly improved the colon length, DAI, and the pathological damage of colon tissue. The histopathological score was reduced and the expression of p-RET protein in the colon tissue was increased (P<0.05). The Sec group had a certain protective effect, but there was no significant difference in some parameters. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that colon length was positively correlated with p-RET protein expression, while DAI and histopathology score were negatively correlated with p-RET protein expression. Conclusion Both Res and Sec can improve UC, and Res has a better effect. Its mechanism is related to the upregulation of the phosphorylation level of RET.

Objective To investigate the association between daily dietary intake of resveratrol (RES) and sarcopenia in elderly adults. Methods Data were collected from Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) Cohort study. The diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia were primarily based on the consensus recommended by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia Syndrome (AWGS). RES intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between RES intake and sarcopenia. Results This study included a total of 3643 participants aged 60 and above, including 1640 males and 2003 females. The prevalence of sarcopenia in the general population was 15.0%, including 19.0% in male and 11.8% in female. After adjusting for confounding variables, the OR and 95% CI of prevalence rate of sarcopenia by RES intake groups were 1.00 (reference), 0.81 (0.60, 1.10), 0.79 (0.59, 1.07), and 0.55 (0.40, 0.77) (P for trend <0.001). When stratified by sex, the OR and 95% CI in male were 1.00 (reference), 0.81 (0.53, 1.25), 0.61 (0.40, 0.93), and 0.47 (0.29, 0.76) (P for trend <0.001). The OR and 95% CI in female were 1.00 (reference), 0.88 (0.57, 1.38), 1.15 (0.74, 1.80), and 0.74 (0.46, 1.20) (P for trend = 0.47). Conclusion In the elderly population, dietary intake of RES is negatively associated with sarcopenia. The association is significant in male, but not in female.

Objectives To evaluate the associations between consumption of non-fermented milk (fresh and powdered) and gut microbiota using a guild-based analytical approach. Methods This study included 2 380 participants (1,196 men and 1,184 women) from the Shanghai Women's and Men's Health Studies who provided stool samples during 2015-2018. Using fresh and powdered milk intake data from validated food frequency questionnaires collected during 2004-2011, we classified participants into never- and ever-intake groups. After estimating total non-fermented milk intake by summing fresh milk and the protein-based liquid-milk equivalents of powdered milk, we further divided the ever-intake group into low- and high-intake groups using sex-specific median cut-offs. Using previously constructed guilds at the OTU level, we compared the α- and β-diversity of gut microbiota across subgroups. We employed PICRUSt2 to predict microbial metabolic pathways, and used MaAsLin to assess the associations between non-fermented milk intake and the relative abundances of guilds and related metabolic pathways. Results In all participants (non-consumers included), the overall median non-fermented milk intake was 71.4 g/d in men and 200.0 g/d in women, whereas among ever-consumers the median was 200 g/d in both sexes. No significant associations were observed between non-fermented milk and α- and β-diversity. In men;|the abundance of Guild_4 was higher in the high-intake group than in the never-intake group (P=0.006)|while in women|the abundance of Guild_5 was higher in the high-intake group (P = 0.009). Both Guild_4 and Guild_5 were dominated by OTUs annotated as the genus Bifidobacterium. Additionally|the guilds that exhibited significant differences in abundance across subgroups in both men and women were predominantly composed of members of the Lachnospiraceae family|including Guild_48|Guild_49|Guild_52|Guild_67|and Guild_74. Non-fermented milk intake was significantly associated with metabolic pathways related to amino acid synthesis and glycolysis (P<0.05). Conclusion The results indicate sex-specific modulations of the gut microbiota by non-fermented milk. Even modest intakes may selectively enrich beneficial taxa such as Bifidobacterium.

Objective To explore the effects of time-restricted feeding (TRF) on glycolipid metabolism in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice under continuous light exposure. Methods A total of 132 mice were randomly divided into three groups: a normal light (LD) group, a continuous light (LL) group, and a continuous light plus time-restricted feeding (LL+TRF) group. Each group was further divided into 4 subgroups according to sampling time points (n=11). After 2 weeks of intervention, serum and BAT samples were collected every 6 h starting at 8:00 a.m. on the following day. qPCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of clock genes in BAT within 24 h. Cosine fitting analysis was performed to evaluate the disruption of circadian rhythms in BAT by continuous light and the intervention effect of TRF. Meanwhile, the 24 h expression changes of glycolipid metabolism-related genes in BAT, as well as serum glucose and triglyceride levels, were measured. The protein expression levels of GLUT1 and GLUT4 in BAT were detected by Western blot. Results Compared with the LD group, mice in the LL group showed disrupted feeding rhythms and decreased food intake. The circadian rhythms of multiple core clock genes in BAT were abolished, the expression of glycolipid metabolism-related genes was inhibited, and serum glucose and lipid levels were dysregulated. Compared with the LL group, mice in the LL+TRF group showed downregulated Glut1 expression in BAT and elevated blood glucose levels during the light phase, as well as downregulated Lpl expression in BAT and elevated blood lipid levels during the dark phase. Meanwhile, the expression of key genes involved in de novo lipogenesis in BAT was significantly upregulated in this group. Conclusion Under continuous light exposure, TRF can affect serum glucose and lipid levels by regulating the expression of glycolipid metabolism-related genes in BAT.

Objective To investigate the effects of high-fat diets containing different types of fatty acids on cognitive function in mice via gut microbiota. Methods 3-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned into 9 groups. Except for the control-0 (CON-0) group, all mice underwent 4-week aseptic treatment. Thereafter, the CON-0 and CON-1 groups were intragastrically administered normal saline, while the remaining groups received fecal microbiota from donor mice fed different experimental diets for 10 consecutive weeks. The fecal microbiota transplantation groups included +CON group, +long-chain saturated fatty acid (+LCSFA) (lard-enriched) group, +medium-chain saturated fatty acid (+MCSFA) (coconut oil-enriched) group, +n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (+n-3 PUFA) (linseed oil-enriched) group, +n-6 PUFA group, and +trans fatty acid-enriched (+TFA) soybean oil-enriched group. The learning and memory ability of 21-week-old mice was evaluated by Morris water maze test. Mice aged 23-week were anesthetized and blood samples, distal colon, brain tissue, and visceral fat were collected. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), D-lactate (D-LA), diamine oxidase (DAO), and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) were detected by ELISA. HE staining was used for colon tissues. The expression of IL-1β and TGF-β1 in colon tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, fully automated Western blotting was employed to detect the expressions of inflammatory factors including toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 in brain tissues. Results The adiposity index (AI) of the +MUFA and +TFA groups were higher than that of the CON-0、CON-1 and +LCSFA groups. Compared with the +MCSFA, +n-3 PUFA, and +MUFA groups, escape latency was significantly prolonged in the +LCSFA group on the fourth day of water maze test. Plasma levels of DAO, I-FABP and LPS were elevated in the +LCSFA, +MCSFA, +MUFA and +TFA groups. In the +LCSFA, +MCSFA, +MUFA and +n-6 PUFA groups, colonic crypt structures were altered to varying degrees, accompanied by a reduction in goblet cells, inflammatory cells, as well as epithelial cell necrosis and shedding. In the colon, IL-1β was significantly elevated in the +MCSFA and +n-6 PUFA groups, while it was significantly reduced in the +n-3 PUFA and +TFA groups. TGF-β1 was significantly elevated in the +n-3 PUFA group, while it was significantly reduced in the +LCSFA and +MCSFA groups. In the brain, TLR-4 and p65 expressions were elevated in the +MCSFA, +n-6 PUFA and +MUFA groups, and the p65 expression was elevated in the +TFA group. All of these differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Gut microbiota modulated by high-fat diets enriched in LCSFA, MCSFA, MUFA, n-6 PUFA and TFA might increase the intestinal barrier permeability, which in turn promotes inflammatory states in the brain, leading to altered cognitive function in mice. Conversely, n-3 PUFAs may exert inhibitory effects on these processes.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of nervonic acid (NA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in vitro. Methods The cells were divided into three groups: normal group, LPS-treated group, and three LPS+NA groups (5, 10, and 20 μmol/L). An intestinal injury cell model was established by treating Caco-2 and HT-29 cells with LPS for 24 hours. After co-treatment with NA and LPS, cells were cultured for an additional 24 hours, and viability was evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation as well as the distribution of tight junction (TJ) proteins (Claudin-1, Claudin-7) and mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC). Additionally, mRNA or protein expression levels of inflammatory factors (Tnfα, Il1β), TJ proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-1, Claudin-7, Occludin), mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC), and adhesion proteins (Alpi, Desmosome, Jama, Ecadherin) were detected by Western blotting or PCR analysis in the cells. Results NA significantly improved the viability of LPS-treated Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. NA treatment inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in Caco-2 cells. Additionally, it reversed the downregulation of Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 expressions in Caco-2 cells, as well as the downregulation of MUC2 and MUC5AC expressions in HT-29 cells after LPS exposure. Moreover, NA treatment also upregulated the mRNA expressions of Zo1, Claudin1 and Occludin in both Caco-2 and HT-29 cells exposed to LPS. Furthermore, NA treatment decreased the mRNA expressions of Tnfα, Il1β and increased the expressions of Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 in Caco-2 cells exposed to LPS. It also elevated the mRNA expressions of mucins (Muc2, Muc3, Muc5ac) and adhesion proteins (Alpi, Desmosome, Jama, Ecadherin) in HT-29 cells exposed to LPS. Conclusion NA alleviates LPS-induced damage in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells by reducing inflammatory factor levels, upregulating TJ protein expressions, and ultimately restoring intestinal epithelial barrier function.

Objective To investigate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on intestinal microecology to reduce radiation-induced small intestine damage in mice. Methods C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into three groups: blank control group, radiation model group and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group, with 15 mice in each group. Mice were given orally with saline or 150 mg/(kg·bw) Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides once a day for 28 days. On the 15th day, mice in the radiation model group and the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group were given a single whole-body 6 Gy dose of irradiation. On the 27th day, fresh feces samples were collected. On the 28th day, the samples of sera and small intestine tissue were taken after anesthesia. The radiation damage of small intestine was assessed by HE staining, ELISA method, and Western blot analysis. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the changes of intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the associations among microbiota, metabolites and intestinal parameters. Results Compared with the radiation model group, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides intervention significantly improved pathological changes of intestinal mucosa caused by radiation, reduced serum D-lactate (D-LA) content, diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content (P<0.05), and up-regulated the expression of zona occludens 1(ZO-1), claudin1 and mucin 2 (MUC2) (P<0.05）. Meanwhile, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides also relieved oxidative stress and inflammation by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) level (P<0.05). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides significantly improved radiation-induced dysbacteriosis and increased the contents of acetic acid and butyric acid in feces (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that Alistipes, Odoribacter, Enterorhabdus and other bacteria were correlated with the improvements in oxidative stress, inflammation and intestinal barrier function, while other genera Eubacterium_ xylanophilum_ group, Mucispirillum, Faecalibaculum, Turicibacter, Eubacterium_siraeum_group, etc. were related to the levels of short-chain fatty acids. Conclusion Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides reduce radiation-induced small intestine damage possibly by improving the intestinal microecology.

Objective To analyze the effects of tryptophan (Trp) on the Trp-targeted metabolites and intestinal flora in mice with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) based on Trp-targeted metabolomics and 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice aged 5-6 weeks were randomly divided into a control group (control, n=15) and an experimental group (n=30). The control group was fed a normal diet, while the experimental group was fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with a fat ratio of 60% to establish the MAFLD mouse model. The modeling time was 16 weeks. After the model was successfully constructed, the mice in the experimental group was randomly divided into the HFD group (n=10) and the Trp group (n=10). The HFD group was orally given the same amount of 0.9% normal saline, and the Trp group was given Trp at 50mg/ (kg·d). Both groups were intervened for 8 weeks. The body weight, food intake, liver wet weight, liver index, liver pathological changes, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and serum transaminase levels, as well as ileal pathology and mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins were detected. The intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites were detected by 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing and Trp-targeted metabolomics technology, and the association analysis between the differential microbiota and Trp-targeted metabolites was conducted through Spearman correlation analysis. Results Compared with the control group, the lipid deposition in the liver of mice in the HFD group increased significantly, and the body weight, liver wet weight and liver index increased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the HFD group, the lipid deposition in the liver of mice in the Trp group was significantly reduced, and the body weight (P<0.01), liver wet weight (P<0.01), and liver index all decreased significantly (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of ileal tight junction proteins was up-regulated. The abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Allobaculum, as well as the diversity of intestinal flora were increased. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the level of the Trp metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of Allobaculum (P<0.001). Conclusion Trp has an improving effect on MAFLD in mice, which is related to the enrichment of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Allobaculum and the reduction of 5-HIAA production.

Objective To investigate the effects of S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) overexpression on high fat and methionine induced atherosclerosis (AS). Methods ApoE^-/- mice were fed a high-fat, high-methionine diet, with adenovirus-mediated SAHH overexpression intervention. The changes in body weight, food intake, blood lipid profiles, methionine metabolism indicators [(S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), homocysteine (Hcy) levels, and SAM/SAH ratio)] were observed. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Oil Red O staining were used to evaluate the aortic sinus AS plaque size. Immunofluorescence staining and chemiluminescence staining were used to assess inflammation, cell proliferation, and oxidative stress in the aortic sinus. RNA sequencing was used to explore the impact of SAHH overexpression on key signaling pathways associated with AS. Results Compared to the control group, the SAHH overexpression group showed significantly lower plasma levels of SAH [(53.71 ± 5.43) nmol/L vs (31.79 ± 4.67 nmol/L) ] and SAM [(146.65±6.21) nmol/L vs (113.22±8.74) nmol/L), while the SAM/SAH ratio (2.76 ± 0.32) vs (3.61 ± 0.59) and Hcy [(10.58±2.94 ) μmol/L vs (14.87±2.36) μmol/L)] were significantly higher. The relative area of aortic sinus atherosclerotic plaques (0.19±0.07 vs 0.16±0.05) significantly decreased. Inflammation and cell proliferation markers, including cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), Ki-67 antigen (Ki-67), and proliferating cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), were reduced. The average fluorescence intensity measured by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining was significantly decreased. Transcriptome analysis indicated that SAHH overexpression downregulated pro-inflammatory genes [interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) ] and upregulated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative genes (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα), heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), alpha-smooth muscle actin(Acta2) expression. KEGG analysis revealed significant enrichment of cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction genes. Conclusion SAHH overexpression exerts a protective action against high fat and methionine induced atherosclerosis.

Objective To compare the effects of ketogenic diet (KD) and very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) on body weight control and liver injury in obese rats. Methods Thirty 3-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control group (CD group, n=6) and a diet-induced obesity group (DIO group, n=24). The DIO group was fed a 60% high-fat diet for 10 weeks to model obesity. Eighteen successfully modeled obese rats were randomly divided into three groups: KD group (n=6), VLCKD group (n=6), and high fat diet group (HFD group, n=6). After a 5-week intervention, changes of body weight (BW), abdominal circumference (AC), body length, food intake, blood glucose and ketones were recorded. The alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, liver injury, and oxidative stress were analyzed. Results The body weight and Lee's index of rats in the VLCKD group were significantly reduced. The improvements in blood glucose and lipid metabolism in the KD group were more pronounced than in the VLCKD group. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the liver were significantly lower in the VLCKD group than in the KD group. The improvements in malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in the liver were more pronounced in the KD group. Conclusion VLCKD and KD can improve glucose and lipid metabolism, liver inflammation, and oxidative stress in obese rats. VLCKD has a significant impact on liver inflammatory factors, while KD has a significant impact on liver oxidative stress.

Objective To explore the effect of vitamin D on oleic acid (OA)-induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes through the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) pathway. Methods HepG2 cells were divided into three groups. The control group was not treated. The OA group was treated with OA (0.5mmol/L) to induce lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells, and the OA+VD group was treated with OA (0.5mmol/L) and 1,25(OH)₂D₃ (0.05mmol/L). The lipid accumulation in the cells was observed by Oil Red O staining. FXR expression in the nucleus was observed with the merged images, in which the expression of FXR in the cells was detected with immunofluorescence staining and that in the cell nuclei were labeled with DAPI. The protein expressions of FXR, SREBP-1c, SCD-1, FAS, PPARα, and CPT-1A were assayed by Western blot. Results Compared with the control group, OA treatment resulted in significant intracellular lipid droplet accumulation, and was significantly ameliorated by the simultaneous treatment of 1,25(OH)₂D₃. The results of mechanistic investigations revealed that 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly enhanced the protein expression of FXR in the nuclei compared to the OA treatment. Meanwhile, 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment also significantly down-regulated the expression of key proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis (SREBP-1c, SCD-1, and FAS) and up-regulated the expression of key proteins involved in β-oxidation of fatty acid (PPARα and CPT-1A). Conclusion 1,25(OH)2D3 has the potential to ameliorate OA-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells via the FXR pathway.

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes and significance of thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3)] in the liver, kidney, and hippocampus of iodine-deficient rats. Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly assigned to three intervention time points (4, 8, and 16 weeks). At each time point, two groups (n=6 per group) were established: the adequate iodine (NI) group and the iodine-deficient (ID) group. All rats were fed an iodine-deficient diet (iodine content <50 μg/kg), and iodine intervention was achieved by adjusting the concentration of potassium iodide (KI) in the drinking water. At the end of the intervention, rat liver, kidney, and hippocampal tissues were collected using cryovials. Serum was collected from abdominal aorta blood. Thyroid function was assessed by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Thyroid hormone levels in the liver, kidney, and hippocampus tissues were measured by ELISA, the expression of deiodinase (Dio) expression was analyzed by Western blot. Results Compared with the NI group, the ID group exhibited a compensatory increase in serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) during the middle and late stages (P<0.01), along with a persistent decrease in free thyroxine (FT4) after week 4 feeding (P<0.05). Free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels showed a significant increase at week 8 (P<0.01) followed by a significant decrease at week 16 (P<0.01). Compared with the NI group, the ID group exhibited significantly decreased T3 levels in the liver during the early stage and decreased T4 levels during the late stage. Hepatic Dio1 expression was significantly upregulated after week 8 feeding, while Dio3 expression was continuously inhibited during the early and middle stages (all P < 0.01). In the kidney, T3, T4, and rT3 levels were significantly reduced at week 16 in the ID group (P<0.01). Renal Dio1 expression was elevated at week 8, whereas Dio3 expression was persistently inhibited after week 8 feeding (all P < 0.01). In the hippocampus, T3 and T4 levels were significantly decreased at multiple time points in the ID group (P<0.05). Hippocampal Dio2 expression initially decreased in the early stage and then increased by week 8, while Dio3 expression increased from the early stage to the late stage (all P<0.01). Conclusion Under chronic iodine deficiency, the liver and kidney response by modulating Dio1 and Dio3 expression to promote peripheral T3 secretion for systemic metabolic needs. Conversely, the hippocampus maintains cerebral T3 stability via bidirectional regulation of Dio2 and Dio3 expression, thereby preserving normal neural function.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of chemical-based selenium (selenocystine, SeCys₂) and plant-based selenium (Cardamine hupingshanensis-Se, HUP) on cadmium (Cd)-induced intestinal injury and the underlying mechanism. Methods Cd-enriched (HUP-Cd) and Se-Cd-coenriched (HUP-Cd+Se) plants were obtained by hydroponics. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control (Con), Cd, Cd+Se, HUP-Cd, and HUP-Cd+Se groups. The mice in the Cd group were gavaged by CdCl₂ solution [Cd: 1.2 mg/kg body weight (BW), and mice in the Cd+Se group were gavaged by CdCl₂ and SeCys₂ solution (Cd: 1.2 mg/kg BW; Se: 0.4mg/kg BW). The mice in the HUP-Cd and HUP-Cd+Se groups were gavaged by corresponding suspensions containing the same amount of Cd and/or Se used in the Cd and Se groups. After 12 weeks, feces, serum and duodenum were collected. Histopathological observation was performed to examine the pathological changes and the number of goblet cells in the duodenum. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze Ki67 and Lgr5 positive cells in the crypts. Western blot was conducted to determine the phosphorylation levels of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and their downstream proteins, as well as the expression levels of tight junction proteins Occludin, Claudin1 and ZO-1. qPCR was employed to detect the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors (IFN-β、IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-6). Results Compared with the Cd and HUP-Cd groups, the mice in the Cd+Se and HUP-Cd+Se groups had lower serum levels of Cd with higher amount of Cd in the feces. Cd exposure induced obvious intestinal injury. Se and HUP-Se intervention alleviated oxidative stress, improved intestinal pathological injury, and upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins in the duodenum. Cd exposure activated the cGAS/STING pathway. Se and HUP-Se intervention downregulated the phosphorylation of proteins in this pathway and the mRNA expression levels of downstream inflammatory factors. Conclusion Chemical- and plant-based Se alleviated Cd-induced intestinal injury in mice by downregulating cGAS/STING pathway and inflammatory factors.

Objective To study the effects of hydroethanolic extract of Cydonia oblonga Mill. (HECO) on fatty liver induced by high fat diet in mice and its potential mechanism. Methods Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to the control group (CON), high-fat diet group (HFD), and HECO intervention group (HECO). The latter two groups were fed with a high-fat diet. HECO group were additionally treated with 200 mg/(kg·d) HECO by oral gavage. The intervention lasted for 12 weeks, followed by liver histology examination, measurements of serum and hepatic lipid levels, hepatic function, as well as the oxidative stress biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines, lipid metabolism genes expression, NF-kB p65 phosphorylation and Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Results Compared with the HFD group, HECO significantly decreased body weight, inhibited hepatic lipid deposition, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels in serum (P<0.05). HECO also significantly decreased hepatic TG, TC and free fatty acid levels, increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and elevated glutathione level. Meanwhile, hepatic MDA, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were reduced. The expressions of lipogenesis genes, Srebp1c, Fasn, Acc1, and Scd1 were downregulated, and the expressions of fatty acid transport and β oxidation genes, Cpt1α, Fgf21, Cd36 and Fabp1 were upregulated. Additionally, HECO significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB and enhanced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 (P<0.05). Conclusion HECO is effective in preventing metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease possibly by maintaining hepatic redox status, inhibiting inflammation and improving lipid metabolism.