Objective To explore the differences in dietary fatty acid intake among patients with obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia and to evaluate their dose-response relationships. Methods This case-control study enrolled 6,358 adult participants during 2014~2024 from the Nutrition Health Atlas Project (NHAP). The basic information, physical indicators, health and dietary information of the subjects were collected by the Internet-based Dietary and Lifestyle Questionnaire for Chinese Residents (IDQC). Independent sample t test and Chi-square test were used to compare the differences in dietary fatty acid intake between different disease groups. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between the intakes of different types of fatty acids and the prevalences of obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to explore the dose-response relationship. Results Compared with participants in the lowest quintile, both butyric acid and α-linolenic acid were associated with a reduced risk of obesity among participants in the highest quintile, whereas pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) was suggestively linked to an elevated risk of obesity (OR_{butyric acid}=0.602, 95% CI: 0.471~0.767; OR_{α-linolenic acid}=0.777, 95% CI: 0.607~0.993; OR_C15:0=1.767, 95% CI: 1.320~2.367). Arachidonic acid intake was associated with a reduced risk of hypertension (OR =0.481, 95% CI: 0.330~0.697). The results of RCS analysis showed that there was a significant nonlinear relationship between butyrate and obesity (P nonlinear=0.027). There was a significant nonlinear relationship between arachidonic acid and hypertension (P nonlinear=0.042). Conclusion Higher dietary intake of butyric acid and α-linolenic acid are protective for obesity, while higher dietary intake of arachidonic acid is protective for hypertension in a dose-response pattern. Additionally, pentadecanoic acid may increase the risk of obesity.

Objective Based on the Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI_22), this study comprehensively evaluated the dietary quality of adult residents in Guangdong Province from 2002 to 2022, aiming to identify long-term trends and existing deficiencies, and provide data support and theoretical guidance for implementing targeted nutritional interventions. Methods Data from four rounds of the Guangdong Provincial Nutrition and Health Monitoring Survey (2002-2022) were utilized, focusing on permanent adult residents aged 18 years and older. A multistage stratified cluster sampling approach was employed. Dietary data were collected using a 3-day 24-hour dietary recall method combined with weighing techniques. The DBI_22 was applied to calculate scores for various indicators, including positive-end score (HBS), negative-end score (LBS), and dietary quality distance (DQD). Data were weighted and analyzed using χ², Kruskal-Wallis H, or Jonckheere-Terpstra trend tests, with stratified comparisons by gender and urban/rural residence. Results During the study period, the overall dietary quality of adult residents in Guangdong Province remained persistently in a state of “moderate imbalance” (median DQD scores ranging from 36 to 41 points), characterized by concurrent “moderate deficiencies of intake” and “mild excesses of intake.” Severe deficiencies existed in vegetable/fruit, dairy, and soy product intakes (deficiency rates ranging from 77.23% to 89.46% and 95.61% to 99.07%), with limited improvement over two decades. While grain overconsumption decreased from 43.63% to 28.18%, deficiency rates rose to 17.40%. Animal food consumption patterns underwent significant shifts by transitioning from predominant deficiency (26.07% deficiency rate in 2002) to emerging excess (16.40% excess rate in 2022). Persistent issues include excessive intakes of pure energy foods and condiments and insufficient dietary diversity. Stratified analysis revealed significant urban-rural, gender, and socioeconomic differences in dietary quality. Dietary imbalances were more pronounced among rural residents, males, low-educated individuals, and low-income groups. Imbalances among urban residents, males, and high-income individuals were primarily driven by “excess”, while those among rural residents, females, and low-income individuals stemmed mainly from “insufficiency”. Conclusion Although dietary quality among Guangdong adults has improved over the past two decades, it remains at a moderate level of dietary imbalance. Future efforts should establish a comprehensive intervention system tailored to urban and rural contexts through precise policy measures.

Dyslipidemia is closely associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Cordycepin, a key bioactive compound derived from the medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris, shows promising potential in regulating lipid metabolism. Current experimental evidence indicates its beneficial effects on improving blood lipid profiles. We summarize research progress in the hypolipidemic action of cordycepin based on experimental studies. Its underlying mechanisms are also explored, including inhibition of lipid synthesis, promotion of fatty acid oxidation, modulation of the gut microbiota-short-chain fatty acid axis, and amelioration of oxidative stress, metabolic inflammation, and autophagy homeostasis.

Nutrition is an important factor to improve muscle performance and post-exercise recovery. A well-balanced diet can protect against oxidative stress, inflammatory response and proteolysis in muscle tissue caused by high-intensity exercise, and alleviate muscle fatigue and injury. The nutrients and phytochemicals in natural foods have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity, and promote protein synthesis and enhance mitochondrial function, resulting in improved muscle performance. In this review, the effects and the molecular mechanisms of dietary proteins, amino acids, fatty acids and phytochemicals on muscle performance and mitochondrial function were outlined to provide a theoretical basis for the development of dietary supplements.

Objective To investigate the preventive effect of a composite probiotic formulation (Bifidobacterium infantis R0033, Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071, and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052) on upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in infants and young children aged 0-24 months. Methods From November 2022 to July 2024, 192 infants and young children aged 0-24 months nationwide were recruited. Using a paired, randomized, controlled, double-blind design, subjects were assigned to an intervention group (n=111, composite probiotic preparation) or a control group (n=81, maltodextrin preparation). The intervention period lasted 3 months. During the intervention period, fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota analysis, and questionnaires were used to record feeding patterns, bowel movements, growth and development indicators, and disease incidence. Results The overall incidence of URTIs in infants and young children in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group (31.53% vs. 45.68%, P < 0.05), with a particularly pronounced protective effect observed during spring (4.46% vs.18.52%, P<0.01). Gut microbiota analysis revealed significantly increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Prevotella genera in the intervention group (LDA score >2, P<0.05). Conclusion Combined probiotic intervention significantly reduces the incidence of URTIs in infants and young children while improving respiratory symptoms, with particularly pronounced protective effects during spring.

Objective To explore the association between dietary patterns and sarcopenia among community-dwelling elderly in Shanghai and the potential mediating role of inflammation in this association, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the dietary prevention and control of sarcopenia. Methods Using convenience sampling, participants were adults aged 65 years and older who voluntarily participated in sarcopenia screening during the 2023-2024 elderly health examination program in Kangqiao Community Health Center, Shanghai. Demographic information was collected by questionnaires. Dietary intake over the past year was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire covering 19 food groups. Principal component analysis was applied to identify dietary patterns. Factor scores of dietary patterns were divided into quartiles (Q1~Q4). Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 (AWGS2019) criteria, including handgrip strength, five-time chair stand test and appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM) mass. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure biochemical and hematological parameters. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association between dietary patterns and sarcopenia. Mediation analysis was conducted to examine the role of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the relationship between dietary patterns and sarcopenia risk. Results A total of 5,930 participants were included, with a sarcopenia prevalence of 5.1%, including 2,734 males (46.1%) and 3,196 females (53.9%). The median age was 71 (68, 74) years. Five dietary patterns were identified, including aquatic-processed meat-plant pattern, egg-dairy-fruit pattern, vegetable pattern, meat pattern and refined carbohydrate pattern. The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the lowest quartile (Q1) of the egg-dairy-fruit pattern, the highest quartile (Q4) was associated with a reduced risk of sarcopenia (OR=0.54, 95% CI=0.38-0.78). No significant associations were found between the other four dietary patterns and sarcopenia (P>0.05). Mediation analysis indicated that NLR played a significant mediating role in the association between the egg-dairy-fruit pattern and sarcopenia (mediation proportion=5.3%, P<0.001). Conclusion The egg-dairy-fruit pattern is negatively associated with the risk of sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults. Inflammation may play a partial mediating role in this association.

The nutritional value of dietary proteins varies significantly due to their differences in amino acid compositions and the digestion and absorption rates. Adequate methods for evaluating protein nutritional quality are crucial for guiding public dietary practices and developing protein resources. This article reviews the historical evolution of the assessment methodologies for protein quality is outlined and the future perspectives are also discussed, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the precise evaluation of protein nutritional value and the development of high-quality protein food resources.

Objective To explore how personalized nutritional guidance influences the food choices and dietary patterns of dinner in obese adults undergoing weight management. Methods The study was conducted within a weight management camp in Shanghai. Fifteen male obese adults (BMI≥28), recruited between February and August 2025, were included. A self-pre-post control design was adopted. Before the intervention, a smart dietary assessment system (SAT) was used to conduct a dinner matching test and collect baseline dietary data. A 4-week personalized nutritional intervention was then implemented, comprising standardized meal guidance, systematic nutritional education, and a structured exercise protocol. After the intervention, the SAT test was repeated. Anthropometric measurements (including weight, body fat ratio, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio) and data on the dietary structure of self-prepared dinners via the SAT system were collected before and after the intervention. Paired sample t-test was used for normally distributed data analysis Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied for non-normally distributed data analysis. Results Following the weight management intervention, significant reductions were observed in weight, body fat ratio, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio (P<0.05). Regarding dietary structure, the intakes of livestock, poultry, fish, and eggs were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Energy and protein intakes also showed a significant reduction (P<0.05). The proportions were of the three macronutrients in energy contribution shifted closer to the recommendations by the Chinese Nutrition Society. However, dietary fiber intake remained inadequate. Excessive intake of certain minerals (such as phosphorus and iron) was alleviated, while inadequate dietary calcium intake persisted. The intake of B vitamins showed a decline. Conclusion Personalized dietary guidance can help of obese individuals to adequately choose foods for evening meals, and facilitate a shift towards a more rational dietary pattern. [ACTA NUTRIMENTA SINICA,2025,47（6）：553–559]

Objective To investigate the effects of magnesium metabolism-related gene polymorphisms on plasma magnesium status and their interaction with dietary magnesium intake in Chinese adults aged 45 years and above. Methods This study utilized data from the 2015 China Nutrition and Health Surveillance. A total of 2,431 participants aged ≥45 years were selected using stratified random sampling. Genotyping for TRPM6 rs2274924, CNNM2 rs3740393, CLDN9 rs719676, and FXYD2 rs948100 was performed using the SNPscan technique. Plasma magnesium concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multiple linear regression and logistic regression models were employed to assess the associations between genotypes and plasma magnesium levels as well as the risk of magnesium deficiency, respectively. The interaction between genotypes and dietary magnesium intake status (adequate/inadequate) was tested. All models were adjusted for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, education level, residence (urban/rural), region (east/central/west), and dietary magnesium intake status. Results The median plasma magnesium concentration of the study population was 0.87 mmol/L. The CC genotype of CNNM2 rs3740393 was associated with higher plasma magnesium levels (β=0.019, 95% CI: 0.002-0.036, P=0.028). The CG genotype of FXYD2 rs948100 was associated with a lower risk of magnesium deficiency (OR=0.386, 95% CI: 0.161-0.925, P=0.033). Interaction analysis revealed a significant interaction between TRPM6 rs2274924 and adequate dietary magnesium intake (TT×adequate: β=0.052, 95%CI: 0.024-0.081, P-FDR=0.003; CT × adequate: β=0.039, 95% CI: 0.010-0.069, P-FDR=0.034). Plasma magnesium levels were significantly higher in carriers of the TT and CT genotypes. Conclusion This study confirms in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population that CNNM2 and FXYD2 gene variants are independent influencing factors for plasma magnesium status, while the TRPM6 gene variant exhibits an interaction with dietary intake.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of Rhizoma polygonati (RP) on dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC)and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Thirty-six male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divides into six groups (n=6 per group): control group (CON), model group (DSS), 5-aminosalicylic acid group(5-ASA, 400 mg/(kg·d)), low-dose RP group (RP-L, 2 g/(kg·d)), medium-dose RP group (RP-M, 4 g/(kg·d)], and high-dose RP group (RP-H, 8 g/(kg·d)]. Except for the CON, which received normal drinking water, all other groups were given 3.0 % DSS solution ad libitum for 7 days to induce UC. Starting from day 3 of modeling, the 5-ASA and RP groups were administed with 5-ASA or RP for 7 consecutive days. Body weight was recorded daily, and stool consistency and fecal bleeding were assessed to calculate the disease activity index (DAI) score. At the end of the experiment, mice were euthanized, and colon length was measured. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) -6, IL-1β, IL-10, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in colon tissue were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Colon tissue injury was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Results Compared with the CON group, RP-H treatment significantly reduced the DAI score (P<0.05), alleviated colon shortening (P<0.05), downregulated the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, upregulated IL-10 expression (P<0.05), and suppressed MPO activity. Histopathological examination revealed that RP-H intervention attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration and promoted goblet cell regeneration in colon tissue. Conclusion RP can effectively reduce colonic tissue injury in DSS-induced UC mice, party through the suppression of inflammatory responses.

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes in early infant enterotypes, the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and their associations with neurodevelopment. Methods Using a birth cohort study design, 163 healthy full-term infants born at West China Second University Hospital/West China Women's and Children's Hospital of Sichuan University between November 2020 and September 2021 were enrolled. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 7, and 30 after birth, and neurodevelopment was assessed using the ASQ-3 questionnaire at 12 months of age. Based on sample and questionnaire completeness, 69 infants completed the ASQ-3 assessment. A total of 38, 57, and 62 fecal samples from healthy full-term infants were included for subsequent analysis on days 0, 7, and 30, respectively. By integrating 16S rRNA sequencing, gas chromatography analysis, and ASQ-3 assessment, correlations between enterotypes, SCFAs levels, and neurodevelopmental indicators were analyzed. Results Infant gut microbiota underwent significant time-dependent succession within the first 30 days after birth. The enterotype shifted from a Bifidobacterium-dominant profile (enterotype 2) at day 0 to a Streptococcus-dominant profile (enterotype 1) at day 7, and further to a Clostridium-dominant profile (enterotype 3) at day 30. SCFAs levels also increased dynamically over time, with butyrate levels in the Clostridium-dominant enterotype (enterotype 3) being significantly higher than in other enterotypes at each time point. Correlation analyses indicated a significant positive association between enterotype and butyrate levels across all time points. A significant negative correlation was observed between enterotype at day 0 and communication domain scores, as well as between enterotype at day 7 and gross motor domain scores. Furthermore, propionate levels at days 0 and 30 were significantly negatively correlated with problem-solving domain scores on the ASQ-3 questionnaire, while acetate levels at day 7 were significantly negatively correlated with fine motor, problem-solving, and personal-social domain scores. Conclusion This study reveals the dynamic succession of early infant gut microbiota and fluctuations in SCFAs metabolism, as well as their associations with infant neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Objective To investigate whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improve lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, by activating the AMPK and STAT3 signaling pathways via myogenic interleukin-6 (IL-6), respectively. Methods 1. C2C12 myotubes were treated with 50, 100, 200, or 400 μmol/L EPA or DHA for 24 h. After intervention, myotubes were co-cultured with mature adipocytes for 24 h. RT-PCR was used to detect mRNA expression of IL-6, ADAM10, ADAM17, and SOCS3 in myotubes. ELISA was performed to measure IL-6 content in the co-culture medium. 2. Myotubes were transfected with IL-6 siRNA, then treated with 200 μmol/L EPA or DHA. Meanwhile, adipocytes were pretreated for 4 h with the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (compound C) or the STAT3 inhibitor FLLL32. The treated myotubes and adipocytes were then co-cultured for 24 h. RT-PCR was used to detect mRNA expression of ATGL, HSL, PGC-1α, and SREBP-1c in adipocytes. Western blot was performed to analyze protein expression of IL-6, AMPK, p-AMPK, STAT3, and p-STAT3 in adipocytes. Results EPA (100, 200, 400 μmol/L) and DHA (200, 400 μmol/L) significantly upregulated IL-6, ADAM10, and ADAM17 expression in myotubes (P<0.01). Only DHA increased SOCS3 mRNA expression (P<0.05). IL-6 secretion was significantly increased by all concentrations except 50 μmol/L DHA (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Myotubes treated with 200 μmol/L EPA or DHA specifically increased the p-STAT3/STAT3 ratio (P<0.05) and p-AMPK/AMPK ratio (P<0.01) in co-cultured adipocytes, respectively. This effect was abolished by IL-6 silencing (P>0.05). EPA-treated myotubes significantly upregulated ATGL, PGC-1α, and SREBP-1c expression in adipocytes (P<0.05 or P<0.01). IL-6 silencing inhibited ATGL upregulation (P<0.01) but did not affect the expression of PGC-1α and SREBP-1c. Inhibition with FLLL32 (alone or combined with IL-6 siRNA) significantly reduced the expression of ATGL, PGC-1α, and SREBP-1c compared to the EPA intervention group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). DHA-treated myotubes significantly upregulated ATGL, HSL, and PGC-1α (P<0.05 or P<0.01) while downregulating SREBP-1c (P<0.01) in adipocytes. Inhibition with compound C (alone or combined with IL-6 siRNA) significantly reduced ATGL, HSL, and PGC-1α expression (P<0.01) but increased SREBP-1c expression compared to the DHA intervention group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion EPA and DHA at appropriate concentrations promote myogenic IL-6 secretion. EPA improves lipid metabolism primarily by activating the STAT3 pathway in adipocytes via IL-6, while DHA exerts its effects on lipid metabolism mainly through the IL-6-mediated AMPK pathway.

Objective To investigate the association between daily dietary intake of resveratrol (RES) and sarcopenia in elderly adults. Methods Data were collected from Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) Cohort study. The diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia were primarily based on the consensus recommended by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia Syndrome (AWGS). RES intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between RES intake and sarcopenia. Results This study included a total of 3643 participants aged 60 and above, including 1640 males and 2003 females. The prevalence of sarcopenia in the general population was 15.0%, including 19.0% in male and 11.8% in female. After adjusting for confounding variables, the OR and 95% CI of prevalence rate of sarcopenia by RES intake groups were 1.00 (reference), 0.81 (0.60, 1.10), 0.79 (0.59, 1.07), and 0.55 (0.40, 0.77) (P for trend <0.001). When stratified by sex, the OR and 95% CI in male were 1.00 (reference), 0.81 (0.53, 1.25), 0.61 (0.40, 0.93), and 0.47 (0.29, 0.76) (P for trend <0.001). The OR and 95% CI in female were 1.00 (reference), 0.88 (0.57, 1.38), 1.15 (0.74, 1.80), and 0.74 (0.46, 1.20) (P for trend = 0.47). Conclusion In the elderly population, dietary intake of RES is negatively associated with sarcopenia. The association is significant in male, but not in female.

Objective To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of selenocsteine (Sec) and resveratrol (Res) on ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group (CON), UC model group (M), Sec intervention group, and Res intervention group, with 8 mice in each group. A 14-day intervention experiment was conducted. The CON group drank distilled water normally, and distilled water was changed every two days. The M group, Sec group and Res group were treated with 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS）for 7 days after normal feeding for 3 days, followed by drinking distilled water for 4 days. At the same time, the Sec group and the Res group were given by gavage with Sec (0.9mg/kg) and Res (100mg/kg) for 14 days from the first day of the experiment, and the other groups were given saline. Finally, the mice were euthanized. The protective effect of Sec and Res on UC was evaluated by analyzing body weight, food intake, colon length, DAI score and histopathological changes. The expression level of p-RET in colon tissue was detected by Western blot, and Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the changes of UC parameters and RET phosphorylation after Sec and Res intervention. Results Compared with the CON group, the body weight and colon length of the M group were significantly reduced (P<0.05), the DAI score was significantly increased (P<0.05), and remarkable histopathological damages such as crypt deletion and inflammatory infiltrates were observed, and the level of p-RET protein was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Compared with the M group, the Res group significantly improved the colon length, DAI, and the pathological damage of colon tissue. The histopathological score was reduced and the expression of p-RET protein in the colon tissue was increased (P<0.05). The Sec group had a certain protective effect, but there was no significant difference in some parameters. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that colon length was positively correlated with p-RET protein expression, while DAI and histopathology score were negatively correlated with p-RET protein expression. Conclusion Both Res and Sec can improve UC, and Res has a better effect. Its mechanism is related to the upregulation of the phosphorylation level of RET.

Objective To explore the effects of time-restricted feeding (TRF) on glycolipid metabolism in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice under continuous light exposure. Methods A total of 132 mice were randomly divided into three groups: a normal light (LD) group, a continuous light (LL) group, and a continuous light plus time-restricted feeding (LL+TRF) group. Each group was further divided into 4 subgroups according to sampling time points (n=11). After 2 weeks of intervention, serum and BAT samples were collected every 6 h starting at 8:00 a.m. on the following day. qPCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of clock genes in BAT within 24 h. Cosine fitting analysis was performed to evaluate the disruption of circadian rhythms in BAT by continuous light and the intervention effect of TRF. Meanwhile, the 24 h expression changes of glycolipid metabolism-related genes in BAT, as well as serum glucose and triglyceride levels, were measured. The protein expression levels of GLUT1 and GLUT4 in BAT were detected by Western blot. Results Compared with the LD group, mice in the LL group showed disrupted feeding rhythms and decreased food intake. The circadian rhythms of multiple core clock genes in BAT were abolished, the expression of glycolipid metabolism-related genes was inhibited, and serum glucose and lipid levels were dysregulated. Compared with the LL group, mice in the LL+TRF group showed downregulated Glut1 expression in BAT and elevated blood glucose levels during the light phase, as well as downregulated Lpl expression in BAT and elevated blood lipid levels during the dark phase. Meanwhile, the expression of key genes involved in de novo lipogenesis in BAT was significantly upregulated in this group. Conclusion Under continuous light exposure, TRF can affect serum glucose and lipid levels by regulating the expression of glycolipid metabolism-related genes in BAT.

Objective To investigate the effects of high-fat diets containing different types of fatty acids on cognitive function in mice via gut microbiota. Methods 3-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned into 9 groups. Except for the control-0 (CON-0) group, all mice underwent 4-week aseptic treatment. Thereafter, the CON-0 and CON-1 groups were intragastrically administered normal saline, while the remaining groups received fecal microbiota from donor mice fed different experimental diets for 10 consecutive weeks. The fecal microbiota transplantation groups included +CON group, +long-chain saturated fatty acid (+LCSFA) (lard-enriched) group, +medium-chain saturated fatty acid (+MCSFA) (coconut oil-enriched) group, +n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (+n-3 PUFA) (linseed oil-enriched) group, +n-6 PUFA group, and +trans fatty acid-enriched (+TFA) soybean oil-enriched group. The learning and memory ability of 21-week-old mice was evaluated by Morris water maze test. Mice aged 23-week were anesthetized and blood samples, distal colon, brain tissue, and visceral fat were collected. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), D-lactate (D-LA), diamine oxidase (DAO), and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) were detected by ELISA. HE staining was used for colon tissues. The expression of IL-1β and TGF-β1 in colon tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, fully automated Western blotting was employed to detect the expressions of inflammatory factors including toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 in brain tissues. Results The adiposity index (AI) of the +MUFA and +TFA groups were higher than that of the CON-0、CON-1 and +LCSFA groups. Compared with the +MCSFA, +n-3 PUFA, and +MUFA groups, escape latency was significantly prolonged in the +LCSFA group on the fourth day of water maze test. Plasma levels of DAO, I-FABP and LPS were elevated in the +LCSFA, +MCSFA, +MUFA and +TFA groups. In the +LCSFA, +MCSFA, +MUFA and +n-6 PUFA groups, colonic crypt structures were altered to varying degrees, accompanied by a reduction in goblet cells, inflammatory cells, as well as epithelial cell necrosis and shedding. In the colon, IL-1β was significantly elevated in the +MCSFA and +n-6 PUFA groups, while it was significantly reduced in the +n-3 PUFA and +TFA groups. TGF-β1 was significantly elevated in the +n-3 PUFA group, while it was significantly reduced in the +LCSFA and +MCSFA groups. In the brain, TLR-4 and p65 expressions were elevated in the +MCSFA, +n-6 PUFA and +MUFA groups, and the p65 expression was elevated in the +TFA group. All of these differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Gut microbiota modulated by high-fat diets enriched in LCSFA, MCSFA, MUFA, n-6 PUFA and TFA might increase the intestinal barrier permeability, which in turn promotes inflammatory states in the brain, leading to altered cognitive function in mice. Conversely, n-3 PUFAs may exert inhibitory effects on these processes.

Objective To analyze the effects of tryptophan (Trp) on the Trp-targeted metabolites and intestinal flora in mice with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) based on Trp-targeted metabolomics and 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice aged 5-6 weeks were randomly divided into a control group (control, n=15) and an experimental group (n=30). The control group was fed a normal diet, while the experimental group was fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with a fat ratio of 60% to establish the MAFLD mouse model. The modeling time was 16 weeks. After the model was successfully constructed, the mice in the experimental group was randomly divided into the HFD group (n=10) and the Trp group (n=10). The HFD group was orally given the same amount of 0.9% normal saline, and the Trp group was given Trp at 50mg/ (kg·d). Both groups were intervened for 8 weeks. The body weight, food intake, liver wet weight, liver index, liver pathological changes, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and serum transaminase levels, as well as ileal pathology and mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins were detected. The intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites were detected by 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing and Trp-targeted metabolomics technology, and the association analysis between the differential microbiota and Trp-targeted metabolites was conducted through Spearman correlation analysis. Results Compared with the control group, the lipid deposition in the liver of mice in the HFD group increased significantly, and the body weight, liver wet weight and liver index increased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the HFD group, the lipid deposition in the liver of mice in the Trp group was significantly reduced, and the body weight (P<0.01), liver wet weight (P<0.01), and liver index all decreased significantly (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of ileal tight junction proteins was up-regulated. The abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Allobaculum, as well as the diversity of intestinal flora were increased. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the level of the Trp metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of Allobaculum (P<0.001). Conclusion Trp has an improving effect on MAFLD in mice, which is related to the enrichment of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Allobaculum and the reduction of 5-HIAA production.

Objective To investigate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on intestinal microecology to reduce radiation-induced small intestine damage in mice. Methods C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into three groups: blank control group, radiation model group and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group, with 15 mice in each group. Mice were given orally with saline or 150 mg/(kg·bw) Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides once a day for 28 days. On the 15th day, mice in the radiation model group and the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group were given a single whole-body 6 Gy dose of irradiation. On the 27th day, fresh feces samples were collected. On the 28th day, the samples of sera and small intestine tissue were taken after anesthesia. The radiation damage of small intestine was assessed by HE staining, ELISA method, and Western blot analysis. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the changes of intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the associations among microbiota, metabolites and intestinal parameters. Results Compared with the radiation model group, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides intervention significantly improved pathological changes of intestinal mucosa caused by radiation, reduced serum D-lactate (D-LA) content, diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content (P<0.05), and up-regulated the expression of zona occludens 1(ZO-1), claudin1 and mucin 2 (MUC2) (P<0.05）. Meanwhile, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides also relieved oxidative stress and inflammation by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) level (P<0.05). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides significantly improved radiation-induced dysbacteriosis and increased the contents of acetic acid and butyric acid in feces (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that Alistipes, Odoribacter, Enterorhabdus and other bacteria were correlated with the improvements in oxidative stress, inflammation and intestinal barrier function, while other genera Eubacterium_ xylanophilum_ group, Mucispirillum, Faecalibaculum, Turicibacter, Eubacterium_siraeum_group, etc. were related to the levels of short-chain fatty acids. Conclusion Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides reduce radiation-induced small intestine damage possibly by improving the intestinal microecology.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of nervonic acid (NA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in vitro. Methods The cells were divided into three groups: normal group, LPS-treated group, and three LPS+NA groups (5, 10, and 20 μmol/L). An intestinal injury cell model was established by treating Caco-2 and HT-29 cells with LPS for 24 hours. After co-treatment with NA and LPS, cells were cultured for an additional 24 hours, and viability was evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation as well as the distribution of tight junction (TJ) proteins (Claudin-1, Claudin-7) and mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC). Additionally, mRNA or protein expression levels of inflammatory factors (Tnfα, Il1β), TJ proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-1, Claudin-7, Occludin), mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC), and adhesion proteins (Alpi, Desmosome, Jama, Ecadherin) were detected by Western blotting or PCR analysis in the cells. Results NA significantly improved the viability of LPS-treated Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. NA treatment inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in Caco-2 cells. Additionally, it reversed the downregulation of Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 expressions in Caco-2 cells, as well as the downregulation of MUC2 and MUC5AC expressions in HT-29 cells after LPS exposure. Moreover, NA treatment also upregulated the mRNA expressions of Zo1, Claudin1 and Occludin in both Caco-2 and HT-29 cells exposed to LPS. Furthermore, NA treatment decreased the mRNA expressions of Tnfα, Il1β and increased the expressions of Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 in Caco-2 cells exposed to LPS. It also elevated the mRNA expressions of mucins (Muc2, Muc3, Muc5ac) and adhesion proteins (Alpi, Desmosome, Jama, Ecadherin) in HT-29 cells exposed to LPS. Conclusion NA alleviates LPS-induced damage in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells by reducing inflammatory factor levels, upregulating TJ protein expressions, and ultimately restoring intestinal epithelial barrier function.

Objectives To evaluate the associations between consumption of non-fermented milk (fresh and powdered) and gut microbiota using a guild-based analytical approach. Methods This study included 2 380 participants (1,196 men and 1,184 women) from the Shanghai Women's and Men's Health Studies who provided stool samples during 2015-2018. Using fresh and powdered milk intake data from validated food frequency questionnaires collected during 2004-2011, we classified participants into never- and ever-intake groups. After estimating total non-fermented milk intake by summing fresh milk and the protein-based liquid-milk equivalents of powdered milk, we further divided the ever-intake group into low- and high-intake groups using sex-specific median cut-offs. Using previously constructed guilds at the OTU level, we compared the α- and β-diversity of gut microbiota across subgroups. We employed PICRUSt2 to predict microbial metabolic pathways, and used MaAsLin to assess the associations between non-fermented milk intake and the relative abundances of guilds and related metabolic pathways. Results In all participants (non-consumers included), the overall median non-fermented milk intake was 71.4 g/d in men and 200.0 g/d in women, whereas among ever-consumers the median was 200 g/d in both sexes. No significant associations were observed between non-fermented milk and α- and β-diversity. In men;|the abundance of Guild_4 was higher in the high-intake group than in the never-intake group (P=0.006)|while in women|the abundance of Guild_5 was higher in the high-intake group (P = 0.009). Both Guild_4 and Guild_5 were dominated by OTUs annotated as the genus Bifidobacterium. Additionally|the guilds that exhibited significant differences in abundance across subgroups in both men and women were predominantly composed of members of the Lachnospiraceae family|including Guild_48|Guild_49|Guild_52|Guild_67|and Guild_74. Non-fermented milk intake was significantly associated with metabolic pathways related to amino acid synthesis and glycolysis (P<0.05). Conclusion The results indicate sex-specific modulations of the gut microbiota by non-fermented milk. Even modest intakes may selectively enrich beneficial taxa such as Bifidobacterium.

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes and significance of thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3)] in the liver, kidney, and hippocampus of iodine-deficient rats. Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly assigned to three intervention time points (4, 8, and 16 weeks). At each time point, two groups (n=6 per group) were established: the adequate iodine (NI) group and the iodine-deficient (ID) group. All rats were fed an iodine-deficient diet (iodine content <50 μg/kg), and iodine intervention was achieved by adjusting the concentration of potassium iodide (KI) in the drinking water. At the end of the intervention, rat liver, kidney, and hippocampal tissues were collected using cryovials. Serum was collected from abdominal aorta blood. Thyroid function was assessed by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Thyroid hormone levels in the liver, kidney, and hippocampus tissues were measured by ELISA, the expression of deiodinase (Dio) expression was analyzed by Western blot. Results Compared with the NI group, the ID group exhibited a compensatory increase in serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) during the middle and late stages (P<0.01), along with a persistent decrease in free thyroxine (FT4) after week 4 feeding (P<0.05). Free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels showed a significant increase at week 8 (P<0.01) followed by a significant decrease at week 16 (P<0.01). Compared with the NI group, the ID group exhibited significantly decreased T3 levels in the liver during the early stage and decreased T4 levels during the late stage. Hepatic Dio1 expression was significantly upregulated after week 8 feeding, while Dio3 expression was continuously inhibited during the early and middle stages (all P < 0.01). In the kidney, T3, T4, and rT3 levels were significantly reduced at week 16 in the ID group (P<0.01). Renal Dio1 expression was elevated at week 8, whereas Dio3 expression was persistently inhibited after week 8 feeding (all P < 0.01). In the hippocampus, T3 and T4 levels were significantly decreased at multiple time points in the ID group (P<0.05). Hippocampal Dio2 expression initially decreased in the early stage and then increased by week 8, while Dio3 expression increased from the early stage to the late stage (all P<0.01). Conclusion Under chronic iodine deficiency, the liver and kidney response by modulating Dio1 and Dio3 expression to promote peripheral T3 secretion for systemic metabolic needs. Conversely, the hippocampus maintains cerebral T3 stability via bidirectional regulation of Dio2 and Dio3 expression, thereby preserving normal neural function.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of chemical-based selenium (selenocystine, SeCys₂) and plant-based selenium (Cardamine hupingshanensis-Se, HUP) on cadmium (Cd)-induced intestinal injury and the underlying mechanism. Methods Cd-enriched (HUP-Cd) and Se-Cd-coenriched (HUP-Cd+Se) plants were obtained by hydroponics. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control (Con), Cd, Cd+Se, HUP-Cd, and HUP-Cd+Se groups. The mice in the Cd group were gavaged by CdCl₂ solution [Cd: 1.2 mg/kg body weight (BW), and mice in the Cd+Se group were gavaged by CdCl₂ and SeCys₂ solution (Cd: 1.2 mg/kg BW; Se: 0.4mg/kg BW). The mice in the HUP-Cd and HUP-Cd+Se groups were gavaged by corresponding suspensions containing the same amount of Cd and/or Se used in the Cd and Se groups. After 12 weeks, feces, serum and duodenum were collected. Histopathological observation was performed to examine the pathological changes and the number of goblet cells in the duodenum. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze Ki67 and Lgr5 positive cells in the crypts. Western blot was conducted to determine the phosphorylation levels of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and their downstream proteins, as well as the expression levels of tight junction proteins Occludin, Claudin1 and ZO-1. qPCR was employed to detect the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors (IFN-β、IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-6). Results Compared with the Cd and HUP-Cd groups, the mice in the Cd+Se and HUP-Cd+Se groups had lower serum levels of Cd with higher amount of Cd in the feces. Cd exposure induced obvious intestinal injury. Se and HUP-Se intervention alleviated oxidative stress, improved intestinal pathological injury, and upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins in the duodenum. Cd exposure activated the cGAS/STING pathway. Se and HUP-Se intervention downregulated the phosphorylation of proteins in this pathway and the mRNA expression levels of downstream inflammatory factors. Conclusion Chemical- and plant-based Se alleviated Cd-induced intestinal injury in mice by downregulating cGAS/STING pathway and inflammatory factors.

Objective To investigate the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) combined with medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) on neuronal damage in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice and the potential autophagy-lysosomal pathway mechanism. Methods 4-month-old SAMP8 mice were randomly assigned to four groups: 0.233% DHA supplementation (DHA group), 10% MCTs supplementation (MCTs group), 0.233% DHA+10% MCTs supplementation (DHA+MCTs group), and control (Con-P group). Four-month-old senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1 (SAMR1) mice served as the normal aging control group (Con-R group). After 7 months of dietary intervention, brain tissue sections were prepared. Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining was used to assess neuronal degeneration in the cerebral cortex. Nissl staining was conducted to quantify surviving neurons. Immunofluorescence was employed to assess expression levels of autophagy-related and lysosome-related proteins. Results FJB staining revealed that compared to the Con-P group, the DHA, MCTs, and DHA+MCTs groups exhibited reduced numbers of degenerated neurons, while the DHA+MCTs group demonstrated the lowest number of degenerated neurons compared to the DHA and MCTs groups, and these differences were all statistically significant (P<0.05). Nissl staining revealed that the number of surviving neurons in the DHA, MCTs, and DHA+MCTs groups was higher than in the Con-P group. The DHA+MCTs group exhibited the highest number of surviving neurons (P<0.05). Immunofluorescence results showed that compared to the Con-P group, mTOR expression levels were higher in the DHA, MCTs, and DHA+MCTs groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, mTOR expression in the DHA+MCTs group was higher than in the DHA and MCTs groups. Meanwhile, expression levels of the key regulatory proteins for autophagy and lysosomal function (TFEB), the autophagy-related proteins (LC3 and Beclin-1) and the lysosomal-associated proteins (LAMP1, LAMP2, CTSB and CTSD) were all significantly reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion DHA combined with MCTs alleviates neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex of SAMP8 mice and the combined supplementation yields superior effects compared to either DHA or MCTs alone. The mechanism is related to the regulation of the mTOR/TFEB-mediated autophagy-lysosomal pathway.

Objective To investigate the effects of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ on oleic acid (OA)-induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and elucidate the underlying mechanism by focusing on the regulation of calcium ion balance and the alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Methods HepG2 cells were divided into three groups: a control group cultured in normal medium, an OA group treated with 1.5 mmol/L OA, and an OA+VD group treated with 1.5 mmol/L OA and 0.1 μmol/L 1,25(OH)₂D₃. All treatments were maintained for 24 hours. Lipid accumulation was evaluated using Oil Red O staining. Cellular triglyceride (TG) levels were measured using a commercial assay kit. Intracellular calcium ion levels were measured with Fluo-4 fluorescent probe. To evaluate the expression and cellular localization of GRP78, immunofluorescence staining was performed. The protein expression levels of protein kinase r-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), phosphorylated protein kinase r-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase(p-PERK), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit Alpha (eIF2α),phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α subunit (p-eIF2α), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were measured by Western blot. Results Compared with the control group, the OA group exhibited a significant increase in lipid droplet accumulation and a marked elevation in TG content. These pathological changes were significantly ameliorated in the OA+VD group. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the OA+VD group had a notably restored intracellular calcium ion balance and a significantly downregulated expression of GRP78. Meanwhile, the ERS-related PERK/eIF2α signaling pathway and its downstream fatty acid synthesis pathway involving SREBP-1c, ACC and FAS were significantly suppressed. Conclusion 1,25(OH)₂D₃ can alleviate OA-induced fat accumulation in HepG2 cells. The underlying mechanism is associated with the restoration of intracellular calcium homeostasis and inhibition of ERS.

Objective To investigate the effect of hesperetin (Hst) on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods An in vitro model of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was established by treating H9c2 cells with different concentrations of angiotensin II (Ang II). Hst at concentrations ranging from 40 to 680 μmol/L was used for intervention. Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) to ultimately select adequate concentrations for the following experiments. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining and Western blot were employed to detect changes in cell surface area and expression of myocardial hypertrophy markers in H9c2 cells. Western blot was also used to measure the protein expression levels of phosphorylated RELA (p-p65), inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα), and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results Compared with the control group, treatment with 1 μmol/L Ang II produced the most significant hypertrophic effect in H9c2 cells (P<0.05). In the Ang II group, the protein expression levels of NLRP3 and p-p65 were significantly increased, while IκBαwas degraded and its expression decreased (P<0.05). The expression levels of downstream inflammatoryfactors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were also significantly elevated (P<0.05). Compared with the Ang II group, Hst intervention reduced cardiomyocyte surface area (P<0.05) and decreased the expression levels of hypertrophy markers ANP and β-MHC (P<0.05). The protein expression levels of NLRP3 and p-p65 were downregulated (P<0.05), while IκBα degradation was attenuated and its expression increased (P<0.05). The expression levels of downstream inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion Hst significantly inhibits Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, potentially through suppression of the NLRP3/NF-κB signaling pathway and downstream inflammatory cytokine expression.

Objective To explore the correlation and dose-response relationship between flavonoid dietary patterns and blood glucose and lipid levels in the elderly population, and provide epidemiological evidence for constructing optimized flavonoid dietary patterns suitable for the elderly, improving their blood glucose and lipid levels, and preventing the occurrence and progression of related chronic diseases. Methods A study was conducted among 888 participants over 65 years old in Qiqihar, China, between May and October 2024. Comprehensive sociodemographic, physical examination, laboratory examination, and dietary data were collected. Factor analysis was employed to identify distinct flavonoid dietary patterns,and the correlation and dose-response relationship were analyzed between flavonoid dietary patterns and glucose and lipid levels by multiple linear regression and generalized additive model (GAM). The combined effects were studied for flavonoid subclasses on glucose and lipid levels by bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Results Based on factor analysis, four dietary patterns were obtained: multi-source flavone pattern with flavonols, flavones, anthocyanins,flavanols, flavanones and isoflavonoids as the main intake, three kinds of mixed flavone pattern with flavonols, flavanols and isoflavonoids as the main intake, two kinds of synergistic flavone pattern, flavonols and flavanols as the main intake and one kind of focused flavone pattern with isoflavonoids as the main intake. Participants adhering to the two kinds of synergistic flavone pattern and one kind of focused flavone pattern exhibited significantly lower total cholesterol (TC) levels, while three kinds of mixed flavone pattern and one kind of focused flavone pattern correlated with reduced triglycerides (TG). Multiple linear regression results show that the two kinds of synergistic flavone pattern score was negatively associated with TC (β = -0.157, P = 0.021). The GAM results showed that there was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between flavanols intake and TC level in the two-class synergistic flavonoids model. The BKMR results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the joint exposure of flavonols and flavanols and TC in the two-class synergistic flavonoid model. Conclusion The combined intake of flavonols and flavanols can reduce the serum total cholesterol level in the elderly. Compared with other models, the two kinds of synergistic flavone pattern is more beneficial to the reduction of serum total cholesterol level in the elderly.

Objective To investigate the alleviating effects of soy isoflavones (SIF) on chronic inflammation in obese mice induced by a high-fat diet and elucidate the molecular mechanisms Methods Thirty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, 10 mg/kg SIF group, 20 mg/kg SIF group, and rosiglitazone group (positive control). All groups except the control group were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Body weight, epididymal adipose tissue weight, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as inflammatory factor in adipose tissue, were measured. Transcriptome sequencing and GO/KEGG enrichment analysis were performed on epididymal adipose tissues from the model group and the 20 mg/kg SIF group. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the positive rate of CD86 in epididymal adipose tissue, and Western blot was employed to assess the protein expression of iNOS, CD86, and PPARγ in epididymal adipose tissue. RAW264.7 macrophages were cultured in vitro and divided into control group, model group, 10 μmol/L SIF, 30 μmol/L SIF, and 30 μmol/L SIF + PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 (10 μmol/L)groups. Except for the control group, M1 polarization was induced by LPS in all groups. The proportion of M1-polarized cells was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression levels of iNOS, CD86, and PPARγ were assessed by Western blot. Inflammatory factors levels in RAW264.7 macrophages were measured by ELISA. Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays were performed to validate the interaction between SIF and PPARγ. Results Compared with the model group, SIF intervention reduced body weight, epididymal adipose tissue weight, serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C, and inflammatory factors levels in epididymal adipose tissue. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that after SIF intervention, GO terms related to inflammatory response and M1 macrophage polarization,as well as the PPARγ signaling pathway, were significantly enriched in epididymal adipose tissue. Immunohistochemical results showed that SIF reduced the positive rate of CD86 in epididymal adipose tissue. SIF downregulated the expression of iNOS and CD86, while upregulating PPARγ expression in epididymal adipose tissue. In vitro experiments demonstrated that SIF reduced the proportion of LPS-induced M1-polarized RAW264.7 cells, downregulated the protein expression of iNOS and CD86, and decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These effects were reversed by GW9662. Molecular docking indicated a favorable binding affinity between SIF and PPARγ, and SPR assays further confirmed their direct interaction (K_d value of 1.2 μmol/L). Conclusion SIF can inhibit M1 polarization of tissue macrophages in adipose tissue, thereby alleviating obesity-related chronic inflammation. The mechanism is associated with direct binding to and activation of PPARγ.

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and current pharmacotherapies often have adverse effects, highlighting the need for safe and effective intervention strategies. Parabacteroides distasonis, a core member of the human gut microbiota, can ferment prebiotics to produce various bioactive metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, succinate, pentadecanoic acid, and secondary bile acids. This review systematically outlines the research progress regarding the “prebiotic-P. distasonis-metabolites axis” in lowering blood lipids. The core concept of this axis is that specific prebiotics are selectively utilized by P. distasonis to generate metabolites that exert lipid-lowering effects. According to different intervention paradigms, existing evidence falls into two categories: direct bacterial gavage reduces blood lipids in animals, and prebiotic supplementation enriches this bacterium while improving lipid profiles. Mechanistically, these metabolites act through multiple pathways, including regulation of hepatic lipid synthesis and oxidation, maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity, and remodeling of the enterohepatic bile acid circulation. Currently, validation of the complete causal chain and high-quality population studies are still lacking, and the functional heterogeneity among different strains requires further investigation.

Objective To assess dietary quality among pregnant women in Central China and explore its related factors. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on the Maternal Nutrition and Health Scientific Survey in China. A total of 10,116 pregnant women meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Information on dietary intake, sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and social support was collected. Dietary quality was comprehensively evaluated in terms of diversity, adequacy, moderation, and balance, and the dietary quality index for pregnancy (DQI-P) was calculated. Linear regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors associated with DQI-P. Results The mean DQI-P score of pregnant women in Central China was 61.0±12.0. Average energy intakes in the first, second, and third trimesters were 1687.5±441.9, 1895.2±474.3, and 1956.5±497.1 kcal/d, respectively. Rural pregnant women had higher total DQI-P scores, moderation, adequacy (in the third trimester), and balance scores than urban counterparts (all P<0.001), whereas urban women scored higher in dietary diversity (P<0.001). Urban women showed relatively lower scores for fat intake and energy contribution ratio by macronutrients, while rural women had lower sodium-related scores (both P<0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that in urban areas, pre-pregnancy BMI was negatively associated with DQI-P (first trimester B=–0.3; second trimester B=–0.2; third trimester B=–0.3, all P<0.05), whereas public institutional trust was associated with higher DQI-P (second trimester B=2.7, P<0.001). In rural areas, pre-pregnancy BMI was negatively associated with DQI-P (third trimester B=–0.4, P<0.001) and primiparity was associated with lower DQI-P (first trimester B=–1.7; second trimester B=–2.3; third trimester B=–3.7, all P<0.05), whereas exercise (first trimester B=5.8; second trimester B=2.9; third trimester B=2.6, all P<0.001) and participation in social organizations (first trimester B=1.6; third trimester B=2.4, both P<0.05) were associated with higher DQI-P. Conclusion sDietary quality among pregnant women in Central China remains suboptimal. Pre-pregnancy weight management and urban-rural differentiated nutritional interventions may contribute to improving dietary quality during pregnancy.

Objective To investigate the effect of galacto-oligosaccharides on the thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue in chronic cold-exposed mice and its possible molecular mechanism. Methods Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided, based on body weight, into a room-temperature control group (RT_Con), a cold-control group (Co_Con), and a cold-Gos group (Co_Gos), with 11 mice per group. The RT_Con group was housed under normal room-temperature conditions, while the Co_Con and Co_Gos groups were placed in a cold simulation chamber at 4℃ for continuous exposure for 14 days. The Co_Gos group received a daily intragastric administration of Gos at 1500 mg/kg body weight (gavage volume 10 ml/kg, concentration 150 mg/ml), whereas the RT_Con and Co_Con groups received an equal volume of distilled water by gavage. During the experiment, food and water intakes, body weight, rectal temperature, and four-limb grip strength were monitored. After the experiment, the interscapular BAT was dissected, weighed, and processed for hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining to observe morphological changes in adipocyte lipid droplets. The protein contents of adenylyl cyclase (AC), protein kinase A (PKA), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and the key thermogenic proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), as well as the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), in BAT were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression levels of Adcy3, Adcy5, Adcy6, Hsl, Lpl, Atgl, Pgc-1α, Ucp1, Prdm16, and Pparg in BAT were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Protein expression levels of UCP1 in BAT were measured by Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Compared with the RT_Con group, cold exposure resulted in decreased body weight, reduced rectal temperature, and weakened four-limb grip strength in mice (P < 0.05). BAT lipid droplet areas were significantly reduced, and the expressions of the AC/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway molecules, as well as UCP1 and PGC-1α, were upregulated (P<0.05). Compared with the Co_Con group, Gos intervention led to a recovery in rectal temperature, enhanced four-limb grip strength, increased BAT weight and relative BAT weight, and further reduction in lipid droplet area (P<0.05) . The protein expressions of AC, PKA, HSL, LPL, UCP1 and PGC-1α, as well as the cAMP concentration were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05), and the mRNA levels of Adcy3, Adcy6, Lpl, Ucp1, Pgc-1α, and Pparg were also significantly elevated (P<0.05). Conclusion Galacto-oligosaccharide intervention may promote BAT thermogenic function and improve cold adaptation capacity in chronic cold-exposed mice, possibly by activating the AC/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in BAT, upregulating the expression of the key thermogenic proteins UCP1 and PGC-1α, and enhancing lipolysis.

Objective To investigate the ameliorative effects of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) on energy metabolism disorder in SH-SY5Y cells induced by high-concentration insulin and analyze its relationship with the SIRT2 signaling pathway. Methods An insulin resistance model was established in SH-SY5Y cells by treatment with 150 nmol/L insulin for 48 h, followed by intervention with 10 mmol/L BHB for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay, and glucose uptake capacity was measured with the 2-NBDG fluorescent probe. Inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers were determined by ELISA. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and mitochondrial membrane potentials were evaluated using DCFH-DA and JC-1 fluorescent staining, respectively. ATP content, NAD⁺/NADH ratio, and the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes were measured using biochemical assay kits. Western blot was employed to detect the protein expression of phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-1 at serine 307 [p-IRS-1 (Ser307)], sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), acetylated α-tubulin at lysine 40 [Ac-α-tubulin (Lys40)], peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). Results Compared with the normal control group, the model group exhibited significantly reduced cell viability and glucose uptake capacity, along with increased p-IRS-1(Ser307) expression, indicating successful construction of the insulin-resistant model. The model group also showed elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), decreased interleukin-10 (IL-10), accumulation of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and markedly lower ATP content, NAD⁺/NADH ratio, and activities of respiratory chain complexes I, II, III, and IV. Following BHB intervention, cell viability was significantly improved, inflammatory imbalance corrected, ROS production reduced, SOD activity elevated, MDA content declined, mitochondrial membrane potential was restored, and ATP generation and respiratory chain function enhanced. Further mechanistic studies revealed that BHB significantly upregulated SIRT2 protein expression, decreased the Ac-α-tubulin (Lys40)/α-tubulin ratio, and promoted the expression of PGC-1α and TFAM. Conclusion BHB can significantly ameliorate high-concentration insulin-induced energy metabolism disorder in SH-SY5Y cells, and its mechanism is associated with the activation of SIRT2, enhancement of deacetylase function, and promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis.

Objective To analyze fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) concentrations in breast milk across lactation stages and their influencing factors. Methods A total of 65 singleton pregnant women with gestational age ≥37 weeks who intended to exclusively breastfeed were enrolled in this study. Breast milk samples were collected at 3 days (V1), 42 days (V2), and 3 months (V3) postpartum. Participants were categorized into normal-weight and overweight/obese groups according to their pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). The concentrations of individual FAHFA isomers were quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-hour dietary recall method and information on dietary supplement use was collected. Multiple linear regression models were applied to analyze the effects of maternal diet, lactation stage, parity and other factors on breast milk FAHFAs levels. Results Compared with the normal-weight lactating women, overweight/obese women had significantly higher concentrations of 5-PAHSA in colostrum (V1) and 9-SAHSA in mature milk (V2) (adjusted P = 0.013 and 0.044, respectively), but significantly lower concentrations of 13-LAHLA in mature milk (V2 and V3) (adjusted P = 0.028 and 0.005, respectively). Multiple linear regression revealed that maternal fish and shrimp intake was an independent positive influencing factor for breast milk 13-LAHLA concentration, while pre-pregnancy BMI served as its independent negative influencing factor. DHA intake and lactation duration exerted positive independent effects on 9-oleoylstearic acid ester of 9-hydroxy stearic acid (9-OAHSA) concentration and parity had a negative independent effect on 9-palmitoleoylstearic acid ester of 9-hydroxy stearic acid (9-POHSA) levels, while lactation stage was an independent positive predictor of 10-oleoylstearic acid ester of 10-hydroxy stearic acid (10-OAHSA) concentration. Conclusion Maternal fish and shrimp intake, DHA intake, pre-pregnancy BMI, lactation stage and parity can affect breast milk FAHFA concentrations to a certain extent and act as potential influencing factors for breast milk FAHFA levels.

Objective To develop a dietary balance index for the second trimester of pregnancy (DBI_P_22) based on the Chinese Dietary Balance Index (DBI_22) and the 2022 Chinese Dietary Guidelines, and evaluate dietary quality and its influencing factor among women in their second trimester in Southwest China. Methods The DBI_P_22 was developed based on the DBI_22 and the 2022 Chinese Dietary Guidelines. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered to 6,213 pregnant women in the second trimester in Southwest China. Three measures of the DBI_P_22: lower-bound score (LBS), higher-bound score (HBS), and dietary quality distance (DQD) were used for dietary quality assessment. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify influencing factors associated with dietary quality. Results Dietary imbalance was prevalent among women in the second trimester in Southwest China, characterized by the co-occurrence of inadequate and excessive intakes. Overall, 96.21% of the participants experienced dietary imbalance, while the proportions of excessive and inadequate intakes were 60.42% and 83.08%, respectively. Excessive intake was mainly observed for cereals, livestock and poultry meat, and cooking oil and salt. Inadequate intake was pronounced for vegetables, tubers, fish and shrimp, and animal blood and liver. Suboptimal intake of milk, eggs, soybeans, and nuts was observed in a certain proportion of participants, and inadequate dietary diversity was widespread. Educational attainment was significantly and negatively associated with LBS and DQD, but showed no significant association with HBS. Household annual income exhibited a nonlinear relationship with HBS and was negatively associated with LBS. Conclusion Pregnant women in the second trimester in Southwest China commonly experience dietary imbalance, with coexisting excessive and inadequate intakes. Lower dietary quality was observed among those with lower educational attainment and lower household income. Targeted nutritional education and intervention strategies should prioritize these vulnerable populations.

Objective To explore the effects of dietary intake of lactating mothers on human milk nutritional components and infant physical growth in Hainan. Methods Mother-infant pairs in Hainan who met the inclusion criteria were recruited longitudinally, and human milk samples were collected across the four postpartum stages of 0-6 months to determine the macronutrient contents and fatty acid composition. A questionnaire was used to collect the basic information of lactating mothers and their infants, the 24-hour maternal dietary intake before human milk collection, and the infants’ weight and length on the collection day. The dietary intake of lactating mothers was assessed in accordance with the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (2022) and the Dietary Reference Intakes for Chinese Residents (2023). Evaluations of infant growth status across the four postpartum stages were conducted using the Z-score method, and correlation analysis was performed. Results A total of 41 mother-infant pairs were finally enrolled. Cereals and tubers (≥ 419.44 g/d), together with livestock and poultry meats (≥ 163.17 g/d), were adequately consumed by lactating mothers, whereas the intakes of other food categories were insufficient. The dietary fat intake by lactating mothers was significantly positively correlated with the contents of human milk fat and saturated fatty acids (mainly C12:0, C16:0 and C18:0), while it was significantly negatively correlated with the contents of unsaturated fatty acids (mainly 9cC18:1, C20:4 n-6, C18:3 n-3 and C22:6 n-3) in human milk. Dietary carbohydrate intake was significantly positively correlated with human milk lactose content. Dietary protein intake was significantly negatively correlated with human milk protein content. The contents of human milk protein and lactose were significantly negatively associated with infants’ length-for-age Z-scores and weight-for-age Z-scores. Conclusion The dietary structure of lactating women requires reasonable adjustment. Maternal dietary intake can affect the nutritional composition of human milk, infant physical growth. [ACTA NUTRIMENTA SINICA,2026,48（3）：254–260 ]

Objective Based on the gut-kidney axis theory, to design a complete nutritional formula supplemented with Lactobacillus casei for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and verify its renoprotective efficacy in an animal model. Methods A basic formula group (BFG) and a probiotic formula group (PFG) containing 1×10⁸ CFU/100 g Lactobacillus casei were formulated. Fifty SPF-grade male SD rats were used: 10 served as the blank control group (BCG), and the remaining 40 received adenine suspension via gavage at 250 mg/(kg·d) for 6 weeks to induce CKD. Thirty successfully modeled rats were randomly assigned to the CKD, BFG, and PFG groups (n=10 each). The BCG and CKD groups were fed standard chow, while the BFG and PFG groups received their respective formula diets for 5 weeks. Food intake was recorded daily and body weight weekly. At the end of intervention, 24-hour urine was collected for 24-hour urinary total protein (24h-UTP) measurement; blood was drawn from the abdominal aorta for serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) assays; kidneys were harvested and weighed to calculate the kidney-to-body weight ratio. Renal histopathology was evaluated by HE and Masson staining, and fecal gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results Compared with the BCG group, adenine-treated rats showed markedly elevated Scr and BUN (both P < 0.001), confirming successful CKD modeling. Compared with the CKD group, both the BFG and PFG groups exhibited significantly increased body weight (P < 0.05), reduced Scr and BUN (P < 0.05), and attenuated renal pathological damage; the PFG group showed superior improvement in the kidney-to-body weight ratio (P < 0.05). The Chao1 index of gut microbiota was significantly higher in the CKD group (P < 0.05), and the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium was increased in the PFG group (P < 0.05). No significant difference in food intake was observed among groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The complete nutritional basic formula improves renal function in CKD rats, and Lactobacillus casei supplementation further enhances this benefit by modulating gut microbiota, providing experimental support for the development of specialized medical foods for CKD patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of puerarin on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) and the mechanisms involved. Methods BMSCs were divided into a control group and treatment groups with different concentrations of puerarin. Cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red staining were used to evaluate osteogenic differentiation. Seahorse technology was used to analyze cellular glycolytic function, while q-PCR detected the mRNA expression of miR-141-3p, Runx2, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), hexokinase 2 (HK2), and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). Western blot was employed to analyze the expression of Runx2 protein. The targeting relationship between miR-141-3p and Runx2 was determined through a dual-luciferase reporter gene experiment. Results Compared with the control group, puerarin concentration dependently promoted BMSCs proliferation (P<0.01), ALP activity (P<0.01) and calcium nodule deposition (P<0.01). Seahorse analysis showed that puerarin significantly enhanced the glycolytic function of BMSCs (P<0.01). Puerarin could also significantly down-regulated the expression of miR-141-3p (P<0.01), up-regulated the mRNA miR-141-3p (P<0.01) and the mRNA and protein levels of Runx2 (P<0.01). Meanwhile, puerarin promoted the expression of NGF, BDNF, IL-10 and TGF-β (P<0.01). Double luciferase reporter gene assay showed that miR-141-3p could directly target Runx2 3'UTR. Conclusion Puerarin alleviates the inhibition of Runx2 by downregulating miR-141-3p, promotes osteogenic differentiation, and exerts multidimensional bone promoting effects by activating neurotrophic factor signaling and improving the bone immune microenvironment.