Objective To investigate the dining-out frequency, food consumption patterns, and nutritional intake among adult urban residents in China. Methods Data were collected by the 2022-2023 Chinese Urban Residents’ Food Consumption Survey. A total of 1837 participants aged 18 and over were included in the final analysis. The 24-hour dietary recall method was used to record residents’ food consumption. The dining behaviors of the individuals with different characteristics were compared using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results During 2022-2023, urban residents in China dined out an average of 7.3 times per month. Among the three main meals, lunch accounted for the highest proportion of dining out at 69.3%, while dinner was the lowest at 22.4%. When dining out, breakfast and lunch were most often consumed in the workplace canteen, whereas dinner was predominantly eaten in the restaurants. Food consumed while dining out accounted for 30%-55% of the total food consumption. Beans, fruits, and meat were the most frequently consumed food categories when dining out, with the proportions at 53.59%, 52.45%, and 47.82%, respectively. Eating out contributed 44% -50% of nutrient intake, with higher proportions of fat, manganese, carotenoids, and sodium consumed during dining out. Conclusion Dinning out has become a primary way of eating for urban residents, and is a main channel for the consumption of beans, fruits, meat, contributing nearly 50% of daily intakes.

In recent years, the different types of vitamin K have shown potential health effects on prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, improvement of cardiovascular disease, prevention of diabetes and some types of cancer, in addition to coagulation function. In this review, the physiological function of vitamin K, and the similarities and differences between vitamin K₁ and vitamin K₂ in terms of their absorption, transport, storage and excretion in the human body are discussed. The effects of different types of vitamin K, dietary composition and gene polymorphism (APOE, VKOR, CYP4F2, etc.) on vitamin K metabolism were also outlined to provide a reference for future study and the development of dietary reference intakes.

A large number of clinical trials have confirmed that appropriate caloric restriction can improve insulin resistance. As a way of energy restriction, intermittent fasting has similar effects to caloric restriction in terms of improving body metabolism and alleviating chronic inflammation. Moreover, the patients on intermittent fasting have better compliance than those on caloric restriction, so intemittent fasting has attracted more and more attention. This review outlines the research progress in the effects of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, in order to provide new ideas for improving insulin resistance.

Objective To explore the association between dietary patterns during pregnancy and excessive gestational weight gain (eGWG). Methods All participants were from the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort (TMCHC), which enrolled pregnant women during early pregnancy. Height and weight were measured, and pre-pregnancy weight and other basic information were collected through questionnaires at enrollment. Regular follow-up visits were conducted to monitor participants’ weight. Total eGWG was calculated by subtracting the pre-pregnancy weight from the last weight measured before delivery. Participants were categorized into appropriate, excessive, or insufficient weight gain. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns during pregnancy, and logistic regression was utilized to estimate the association between dietary patterns and the risk (OR) of eGWG. The Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) method was used to validate the association between dietary patterns and eGWG. Results Among 4815 pregnant women, 3010 (62.5%) experienced eGWG. Five major dietary patterns were identified: Vegetable, Meat-Rice-Wheat, Egg-Dairy-Nut, Bean-Fish, and Grain-Fruit-Snack-Mushroom. Compared to the lowest quartile (Q1), in the Vegetable pattern, the OR for eGWG in the Q4 group was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.99, P-trend=0.033), but in the Egg-Dairy- Nut pattern, the OR for eGWG in the Q4 group was 1.46 "Egg-Dairy-Nut" was an (95% CI: 1.21, 1.75, P-trend<0.001) when compared to Q1. The BKMR model confirmed that excessive intake of independent risk factor for eGWG, with dairy and nuts, especially excessive yogurt intake, significant contributing to eGWG. While increased intake of "Vegetable" was an independent protective factor, with the protective effect of orange-colored vegetables being particularly notable. Conclusion Pregnant women should be encouraged to follow a balanced dietary regimen,which includes avoiding excessive nut intake and limiting yogurt consumption, and increasing intake of vegetables, especially orange-colored vegetables in their diet.

Objective To investigated the consumption of aquatic foods and safety awareness in Jiangxi Province in 2021. Methods A total of 1071 people were selected from A, B, C, and D regions in Jiangxi Province using the multi-stage random sampling method. The dietary survey was conducted using a combination of discontinuous 3 d 24 h recall and family weighing method. The aquatic product safety awareness survey was conducted by the questionnaire method. Results The consumption rate of aquatic food among residents in the four regions of Jiangxi Province was 60.88 %（652/1071）. The consumption of aquatic foods was 44.03 g/d. Among the consumption of various aquatic products, freshwater fish (49.02%) was the most consumed, followed by crabs, shrimp and shellfish (15.03%) and marine fish (13.07%). There were significant differences in nutrient intakes at different levels of aquatic product consumption(P<0.05). The intake and consumption rate of aquatic foods in cities, highly educated, professional and technical personnel, clerical workers and those with higher incomes were relatively high. There were some misconceptions related to the aquatic foods in residents. Conclusion The intake of aquatic foods basically meets the recommended intake with a large gap between urban and rural areas. Some residents have misunderstandings about the safety of aquatic products. It is recommended to strengthen the popularization and publicity of aquatic food nutrition and safety knowledge, and encourage residents to increase the intake of aquatic foods.

Objective To compare the effects of 7 flavonoid compounds with different structures on the of lipid metabolism and intestinal flora in high-fat fed diet mice. Methods Fifty-four 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into normal control group (NOR), high-fat diet group (HFD), luteolin group (LUT), quercetin group (QUE), naringin group (NAR), epicatechin group (EPI), genistein group (GEN), cyanidin group (CYA) and naringin dihydrochalcone group (CHA), with 6 animals in each group. NOR group was given an ordinary diet, the HFD group was fed a high-fat diet, and the LUT group, QUE group, NAR group, EPI group, GEN group, CYA group, and CHA group were fed the high-fat diet supplemented with the corresponding flavonoid compounds (2 g/kg). After 24 w feeding, mice were sacrificed and adipose tissues and livers were collected to calculate the adipose-body ratio. Pathological examination of the fat and liver tissues was performed. Serum was collected for blood lipid and liver function analysis. 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to analyze intestinal flora's composition and diversity. Results Compared with other flavonoids, the GEN group showed a stronger action in decreasing both weight and fat weight gain and improving abnormal blood lipids and liver function induced by the high-fat diet. The LUT and QUE groups were superior in improving lipid metabolism and liver function abnormalities. The analysis of intestinal flora found that compared with the HFD group, the QUE group significantly increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota at the phylum level (P<0.05). At the genus level, the EPI group significantly increased the relative abundance of Alloprevotella (P<0.05). The relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 in the NAR group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusions even flavonoid compounds had different effects on lipid metabolism and intestinal flora in the high-fat fed diet mice. Compared with other flavonoids, genistein, luteolin, and quercetin reduce the abnormal changes in body weight, fat tissues, blood lipids, and liver function caused by the high-fat diet, while epicatechin, naringin, and quercetin are beneficial to the growth of some probiotics.

Objective To explore the improvement effects of C2C12 myotube cells pre-treated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on lipid metabolism of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods Myotube cells were pre-treated with 50, 100, 200, 400 μmol/L EPA or DHA for 24 hours, and a control group was set up at the same time. Myotube cells were co-cultured with mature adipocytes in the transwell chamber for 24 hours after the treatment. Oil red O staining was used to quantify lipid accumulation in the adipocytes, and PCR was used to determine the expressions of lipid metabolism genes adipose triglyceride lipase (Atgl), hormone-sensitive lipase (Hsl), PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (Pgc-1α), Uncoupling protein-1 (Ucp-1) and Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (Srebp-1c). Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of adenosine 5‘-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways. Results Myotube cells pre-treated with 100, 200, and 400 μmol/L EPA significantly reduced lipid accumulation in the adipocytes (P<0.05 or P<0.001), while myotube cells pre-treated with DHA showed no improvement of lipid accumulation. EPA or DHA at certain concentrations can significantly upregulated the expressions of adipocyte lipolysis genes Atgl and Hsl and lipid oxidation genes Ucp-1 and Pgc-1α (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Myotube cells pre-treated with certain concentrations of EPA significantly increased the expression of the lipid synthesis gene Srebp-1c (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while myotube cells pre-treated with certain concentrations of DHA significantly reduced the expression of the lipid synthesis gene Srebp-1c(P<0.01 or P<0.001). Myotube cells pre-treated with EPA significantly increased the p-STAT3/STAT3 ratio, but had no significant effect on the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio. Myotube cells pre-treated with 200 and 400 μmol/L DHA significantly increased the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio, but had no significant effect on the p-STAT3/STAT3 ratio. Conclusion At appropriate concentrations, both EPA and DHA can activate myotube cells to improve lipid decomposition and lipid oxidation of the adipocytes. Myotube cells pre-treated with EPA can increase lipid synthesis to a certain extent through the STAT3 pathway, and those pre-treated with DHA can reduce lipid synthesis to a certain extent through the AMPK pathway.

Objective To investigate the ameliorative effect of plant sterol ester of α-linolenic acid (PS-ALA) on steatosis and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells exposed to ethanol (EtOH), and the underlying mechanism associated with the regulation of SIRT3 expression. Methods HepG2 cells were treated with EtOH and intervened by PS-ALA. The lipid accumulation in the cells was evaluated by Oil Red O staining. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by DCFH-DA fluorescent probe. The expression of SIRT3 was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. The protein expressions of SIRT3, PPARα, CPT-1A, SOD2 and CYP2E1 were measured by Western blot. Results Compared with the control group, the cells in the EtOH group showed a significant increase in intracellular lipid accumulation and ROS production. PS-ALA intervention significantly decreased lipid accumulation and suppressed ROS production. The results of further molecular mechanism studies showed that PS-ALA treatment significantly increased the protein expressions of SIRT3, PPARα, and CPT-1A. Meanwhile, PS-ALA treatment significantly increased the protein expression of SOD2 and decreased the protein expression of CYP2E1. Conclusion PS-ALA can inhibit EtOH-induced steatosis and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells, and its molecular mechanism is related to promoting β-oxidation of fatty acid and inhibiting oxidative stress by up-regulating SIRT3 expression.

Objective To compare the difference of serum vitamin levels in umbilical vein and artery, and to analyze the relationship between serum vitamin levels in umbilical vein and artery and birth weight. Methods A total of 101 pairs of mothers and infants who were hospitalized in Danyang People's Hospital, Jiangsu Province from June to September, 2021 were recruited as the research participants. After delivery, umbilical vein and artery blood samples of the newborns were collected. The levels of vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, niacinamide, folic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K₁ were detected by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The level of vitamin B₁₂ was detected by electrochemical luminescence method. The serum vitamin levels of umbilical artery and vein were compared by matching method, and the relationship between birth weight and the serum vitamin levels of umbilical artery and vein was analyzed by linear regression. Results The levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, vitamin B₂, niacinamide, vitamin A, vitamin E, 25-(OH) D₃ in the serum of umbilical vein were higher than those in the serum of umbilical artery, and the level of vitamin B₁ was lower. After correcting for serum albumin levels, the levels of vitamin B₂, vitamin A, vitamin E and 25-(OH) D₃ in the serum of umbilical vein were higher than those in the serum of umbilical artery, and the levels of vitamin B₁₂, folic acid and vitamin B₁ were lower. Linear regression results showed that after adjusting for pregnancy weight gain, newborn sex, gestational age, the logarithmic value of vitamin A in the serum of umbilical vein and artery was positively correlated with birth weight, while the difference of vitamin A levels between umbilical vein and artery was not statistically correlated with birth weight before and after adjustment. Conclusion There were differences in serum vitamin levels between umbilical vein and artery. Serum vitamin A levels in umbilical vein and artery were positively correlated with birth weight.

Objective To evaluate the impact of microalgae oil on hyperlipidemia induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in rats. Methods A total of 70 male SPF-grade SD rats aged 4 weeks were randomly divided into either a high-fat diet group (n=50) or a normal diet group (n=20). The rats were fed a HFD or a normal diet for 3 weeks. Subsequently, based on serum total cholesterol (TC) levels, the HFD group was further randomized into a model group, low-, medium-, and high-dose microalgae oil intervention groups, and a positive control group. The normal diet group was divided into a control group and a high-dose microalgae oil control group. Rats in the control and model groups were gavaged with corn oil, while those in the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups received 300, 600, and 1800 mg/kg of microalgae oil, respectively. The positive control group was administered 1 mg/kg of atorvastatin calcium tablets, while the diets of all groups remained unchanged. After 5 weeks of intervention, rats were anesthetized, and blood was collected from the abdominal aorta. Serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured. Additionally, liver, kidney, and carotid artery vessels were subjected to histopathological examination. Results After 5 weeks of intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in body weight among the groups fed the HFD (P>0.05). Compared with the model group, the TC, TG, and LDL-C levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05), while HDL-C levels were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the medium- and high-dose microalgae oil intervention groups and the positive control group. Following the intervention, TC levels in the low-, medium-, and high-dose microalgae oil intervention groups decreased by 3.10%, 9.9%, and 24.8%, and TG levels decreased by 2.7%, 5.4%, and 10.3%, while LDL-C levels decreased by 3.4%, 16.6%, and 18.4%, respectively. Conversely, HDL-C levels increased by 16.7%, 28.2%, and 30.7%, respectively. Furthermore, compared to the model group, the medium and high-dose intervention groups exhibited significant reductions in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine (CREA), and urea nitrogen (BUN) (P<0.05). However, when compared to the control group, there were no significant differences in these indicators when comparing the high-dose intervention group to the control group (P>0.05). Pathological assessments revealed normal liver and kidney structures in both the control and high-dose control groups. In contrast, the model group displayed fatty degeneration in the liver, along with pathological changes such as swelling of renal tubular cells and disordered arrangement in the kidney. The microalgae oil intervention groups showed varying degrees of improvement across different doses. Conclusion This microalgae oil exhibits adjuvant hypolipidemic effects within a specific dose range.

Objective To investigate the effects of excessive methionine (Met) on hepatic genome-wide methylated status in rats. Methods Twenty-four Wistar rats were allocated into two groups and were fed AIN-93M diet and 1.0% Met-supplemented AIN-93M diet, respectively, for 6 weeks. Hepatic samples were analyzed by Arraystar Rat 4 × 180K RN4 RefSeq Promoter Microarray for genome-wide methylated status. Microarray data was processed by NimbleScan v2.5 software. GO and PATHWAY analysis was performed by the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) software. Hepatic mRNA and protein expressions of Ednra, Mrvi1 and Gucy1A3 were further assayed by quantitative PCR analysis and ELISA method, respectively. Results A total of 1,092 differentially methylated promoters were found in rat liver after 1.0% Met supplementation. Genes related to smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, and regulation function of blood pressure were changed potentially in expression by excessive Met exposure. Six down-methylated and 13 up-methylated genes were found in several biological pathways after Met treatment, including Mrvi1, Ednra and Gucy1A3. The DNA methylation status of Mrvi1, Ednra and Gucy1A3 were up-regulated, and the mRNA and protein expressions were decreased after Met treatment. Conclusions Excessive methionine supplementation affects hepatic genomic DNA methylation status; Mrvi1, Ednra and Gucy1A3 which is closely associated with smooth muscle contraction, are targets of methylation modulation induced by excessive methionine exposure.

Objective To investigate the protective effect and the underlying mechanism of stigmasterol on inflammatory injury in steatotic hepatocytes induced by oleic acid and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Methods LO2 cells were divided into 4 groups. The control group (CON) was cultured in the DMEM high-glucose medium, and the model group (MOD) was cultured in the DMEM high-glucose medium supplemented with 200 μmol/L oleic acid and 50 mg/L LDL-C for 36 h to induce the steatohepatitis cell model. In the stigmasterol intervention group (STG), 50 μmol/L of stigmasterol was added on the basis of the culture medium of the MOD group. In the transfection group (si-CYP7B1), 50 nmol/L of si-RNA was used to silence oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) gene expression in the STG-treated cells for 24 h. Results The contents of total cholesterol and free cholesterol in the STG group were significantly lower than those in the MOD group (P<0.05). The activities of alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase and gene expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1 and interleukin-1β in the STG group were significantly decreased compared with those in the MOD group (P<0.05). Compared with the MOD group, the relative mRNA expression levels of CYP7B1 and bile salt export pump in hepatocytes of the STG group were significantly increased (P<0.05). After CYP7B1 gene expression was specifically silenced by the si-RNA for CYP7B1, stigmasterol intervention no longer had significant effects on cellular cholesterol deposition and inflammatory injury. Conclusions tigmasterol alleviates cholesterol deposition in steatotic hepatocytes induced by oleic acid and LDL-C through increasing CYP7B1 expression and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway activation, thereby protecting against cellular inflammatory injury.

Objective To investigate the effects of zinc supplementation on reproductive injury induced by high fat diet (HFD) in male rats. Methods 24 male SD rats were randomly divided into the ND group (10% calories from fat), HFD group and HFD+ZnSO₄ group (60% calories from fat), with 8 rats in each group. ND rats were given a normal diet, and rats in the HFD and HFD+ZnSO₄ groups were given a high fat diet. After 8 weeks of modeling, ND group and HFD group were given the same amount of normal saline by gavage, and HFD+ZnSO₄ group was given 25 mg/(kg bw·d) zinc sulfate solution by gavage. The rats were killed at the end of 16 weeks. The fat tissues from the testis and peritestis were weighed, and the sperms from the epididymis tail were taken fresh to detect the total sperm number and motility. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured by an automatic biochemical analyzer. Serum testosterone (T), estradiol (E₂) and prolactin (PRL) were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay. The content of zinc in testicular tissue was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The histopathological changes of the testis were observed after HE staining. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of zinc transporters, testosterone synthesis and apoptosis related genes in the testicular tissue. Results Compared with the ND group, body weight, peritestosterone fat weight and Lee's index in the HFD group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels were significantly increased, while HDL-C was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The total sperm count and sperm motility were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Serum T level was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Testicular structure was damaged.The mRNA and protein levels of 3β-HSD1, CYP11A1, LHR and STAR were significantly decreased (P<0.01). The total zinc content in the testis was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The expressions of zinc transporters ZIP1 and ZIP2 were significantly decreased, and ZnT1 and ZnT8 were significantly increased (P<0.05). The levels of anti-apoptosis markers Bcl-2 mRNA and protein in the testis were decreased, while the levels of apoptosis markers Bax, Caspase-9, Caspase-12 mRNA and protein were increased (P<0.01). Compared with the HFD group, body weight, peritestosterone fat weight and Lee's index in the HFD+ZnSO₄ group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels were significantly decreased, while HDL-C levels were significantly increased (P<0.05). The total sperm count and sperm motility were significantly increased (P<0.05). Serum T level was significantly increased (P<0.05). Testicular structure was improved. The mRNA and protein levels of testosterone synthesis related genes CYP11A1, LHR and STAR were significantly increased (P<0.01). The total zinc content in the testis was significantly increased (P<0.05). The zinc transporters ZIP1 and ZIP2 were significantly increased, and ZnT1 and ZnT8 were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein in the testis were increased, while the levels of Bax, Caspase-9 and Caspase-12 mRNA and protein were decreased (P<0.01). Conclusion Zinc supplementation ameliorates the reproductive damages induced by high fat diet in male rats by improving zinc homeostasis, increasing testosterone secretion and decreasing sperm apoptosis.

With the accelerating global population aging and the growing burden of chronic diseases, unhealthy lifestyle habits further increase the risk of age-related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Time-restricted eating, a dietary pattern that limits the eating time window without restricting total caloric intake, food variety, and quantities, has been shown to have significant potential for promoting healthy aging. Accumulating evidences indicate that time-restricted eating helps regulate circadian rhythm disturbances caused by long-term unhealthy habits (such as sleep deprivation and irregular eating patterns) and has positive effects on weight management, blood glucose levels, lipid metabolism, cardiovascular health, and cognitive function with high compliance. Although the health benefits of time-restricted eating are widely recognized, further research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects and applicability, so as to provide a solid scientific foundation and practical guidance for promoting healthy aging.

Objective To apply a precision nutrition buffet mode and test its nutritional effects in pilots. Methods A total of 149 pilots were selected as the study subjects. They were served by traditional buffet mode upon admission. A 3-day dietary survey and blood lipids and uric acid measurements were conducted. Then, a precise nutrition buffet mode was adopted. Twenty days later, a 3-day dietary survey was conducted and blood lipids and uric acid were rechecked. Food supply standards, dietary reference intakes and Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI 22) were used to evaluate the quality of dietary nutrition. The differences in blood lipids and uric acid before and after the intervention were analyzed. Results In traditional buffet mode, the intakes of salt, oil, poultry and livestock meat far exceeded the recommended intake. The intakes of many nutrients were excessive. In the precision nutrition buffet mode, the intakes of salt, oil, poultry and livestock meat, as well as many nutrients decreased significantly. High bound score (HBS) of the traditional buffetmode was 14, indicating excessive low-level dietary intake. The HBS of the precision nutrition buffet mode was 7, indicating a more appropriate intake. After the intervention by precision nutrition buffet mode, blood uric acid, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly delined. Conclusion Compared to the traditional buffet mode, precision nutrition buffet mode is better in securiong a balance dietary intake. The precision nutrition buffet mode is worthy of promotion and application.

Objective To describe the trends and epidemiological characteristics of the disease burden of nutritional deficiencies in China from 1990 to 2021 and to project the incidence from 2022 to 2040. Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 on the incidence, mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) rates of nutritional deficiencies in China from 1990 to 2021, we analyzed the Annual Percentage Change (APC) and Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) via Joinpoint regression models. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to project incidence rates from 2022 to 2040. Results From 1990 to 2021, the overall incidence rate of nutritional deficiencies in China showed a continuous declining trend, with an AAPC of −4.25%. The age-standardized incidence rate also exhibited a continuous decline, with an AAPC of −3.96%. The mortality rate initially decreased and then increased, but showed an overall downward trend with an AAPC of −3.45%. The age-standardized mortality rate declined overall, with an AAPC of −4.97%. The DALY rate displayed a general downward trend (AAPC = −3.78%), as did the age-standardized DALY rate (AAPC = −4.07%). In 2021, the DALY rate for females was three times that of males, and the age-standardized DALY rate for females was 2.5 times that of males. The disease burden declined most rapidly in the 0-4 age group, with AAPCs for incidence, mortality, and DALY rates of −5.66%, −10.80%, and −7.89%, respectively. Projections from the Bayesian age-period-cohort model indicated that the age-standardized incidence rate in China would decrease from 3205.11 per 100 000 in 2022 to 2331.78 per 100 000 in 2040, representing a reduction of 27.22%. Conclusion The disease burden of nutritional deficiencies in China showed a downward trend from 1990 to 2021. Projections suggest that the age-standardized incidence rates for the overall population, females, and males will continue to decline from 2022 to 2040.

Objective To design and develop a national nutrition and health assessment system. Methods By integrating the “Internet +” and cloud platform technology, smart mobile terminal of mobile phones and PAD, mini APP, auxiliary measurement and wearable devices, the national nutrition and health assessment system was developed. Results This system includes a management platform, a professional version of a dietary survey APP, a dietary assistance survey mini program, and a home nutrition and health monitoring APP. The management platform includes system management, project management, questionnaire management, dietary survey, physical examination, laboratory examination, physical activity survey, electronic questionnaire survey, data quality control, statistical analysis, individual evaluation, educational management and so on. The surveyed subjects can record their dietary information in real-time through a dietary assistance survey mini program, and the dietary information will be synchronized to the professional version of the dietary survey APP automatically to reduce recall errors. Data such as blood pressure, blood sugar and exercise are automatically transmitted through sphygmomanometer, blood glucose meter and kitchen scale, etc. Conclusion This system provides a tool for high-quality and refined implementation of nutritional health surveys, which can reduce dietary survey time, decrease recall errors, provide image references for professional investigators to estimate food weight, and improve survey efficiency and effectiveness.

Objective To investigate the dietary iodine intake and iodine nutrition status among adults in Han and ethnic minority areas of Guangxi, and to provide a basis for preventing iodine deficiency diseases. Methods Based on ethnic distribution and geographical location, a cross-sectional study method was used to select a total of 679 adults from 5 counties in Guangxi. A household survey was conducted using a 3-day 24-hour dietary review method to investigate dietary intake, and a weighing method to investigate consumption of edible oils and seasonings. Drinking water, salt and random urine samples were collected to detect water iodine, salt iodine and urine iodine levels, respectively. Results The median values of water iodine in Guangxi was 4.0 μg/L. The median of salt iodine was 25.3 mg/kg. The median salt iodine consumption for the Han and minority populations were 23.2 and 25.7 mg/kg, respectively. The difference was statistically significant（Z=–8.088,P=0.000）. The median urinary iodine was 183.7 μg/L. The MUI of the Han and minority populations were 199.3 and 177.5 μg/L, respectively. The difference was statistically significant（Z=–2.205,P=0.027）. The per capita salt intake was（6.4±5.0）g/d, which were（5.6±2.9）and（6.6±5.3）g/d in the Han and minority populations. The difference was statistically significant（t=–2.825, P=0.005）.The median of dietary iodine intake was 144.5 µg/d, which were 151.9 μg/d and 140.0 μg/d in the Han and minority populations. There was no significant difference between them. Food iodine intake was 25.0 µg/d, and contribution rate was 22.4%. Water iodine intake was 5.0 µg/d, and contribution rate was 5.1%. Salt iodine intake was 103.2µg/d, and contribution rate was 72.5 %. There was a significant difference in iodine intake from food and water among different ethnic groups（Z food=–15.035, P food=0.000; Z water=–6.715, P water=0.000）. Of the dietary iodine intake, 14.5% of the participants in this study were less than EAR, 20.6% between EAR and RNI, 63.6% between RNI and UL, and 1.3% higher than UL. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of dietary iodine intake among different ethnic groups（χ²=19.888,P=0.000）. Conclusion The iodine intake and iodine nutrition of adults in Guangxi are at an appropriate level, and iodized salt remains the main dietary source of iodine in iodine deficient areas. Population iodine nutrition monitoring should be continuously conduction, and the amount of iodized salt should be adjusted at appropriate times to ensure a suitable iodine nutrition level for the entire population.

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders. Zinc is the only identified endogenous ligand for G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) to date. GPR39 is widely distributed in the nervous system. Recent studies have shown a close association between zinc and its receptor GPR39 and depression. Abnormal expression and functional changes of GPR39 can affect neurotransmitter balance and neural plasticity, thereby influencing the development of depression. Agonists of GPR39 have shown certain potential application value in the prevention and treatment of depression.

As the aging of the population intensifies, the attention paid to elderly diabetic patients is increasing. The physiological changes brought about by aging are closely related to the onset and progression of diabetes. The clinical manifestations and nutritional needs of elderly diabetic patients differ from those of younger patients. Targeted dietary therapy is of great importance for the management of diabetes in the elderly. We outlines the mechanisms linking aging and diabetes development, elucidates the nutritional and metabolic changes in elderly diabetic patients and focuses on the nutritional therapy for elderly diabetic patients, so as to provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of diabetes in the elderly.

Objective To investigate the potential association between maternal total fluid intake at 3 months of infant age and breastfeeding practices and duration. Methods The study was embedded in the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort. Information on total fluid intake for postpartum women was collected via telephone interviews at 3 months of infant age. Total fluid intake was categorized by quartiles. Information on breastfeeding practices and duration was collected via telephone interviews at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of infant age. Breastfeeding practice was divided into full breastfeeding (FBF) and any breastfeeding (ABF). Logistic and multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the association of total fluid intake with breastfeeding practices and duration. Results Among 2483 postpartum women-infants, 1350 (54.4%) and 966 (38.9%) received FBF at 3 and 6 months of infant age, respectively, and 2056 (82.8%), 1774 (71.4%), and 646 (36.8%) received ABF at 3, 6, and 12 months of infant age, respectively. The medium (interquartile range) of total fluid intake was 1600 ml (1250-2000 ml). About 2352 (94.7%) did not meet the recommended intake (2600ml). Compared to the mothers with the highest quartile of total fluid intake, those with the lowest quartile of total fluid intake were more likely to cease FBF at 3 months (OR=3.87; 95% CI = 3.03–4.96) and at 6 months (OR=3.05; 95% CI=2.38–3.92) of infant age, and to cease ABF at 12 months of infant age (OR=1.67; 95% CI=1.28–2.17). However, among mother-infants who received FBF at 3 months of infant age, fluid intake at 3 months of infant age was not significantly associated with breastfeeding practices at 6 and 12 months of infant age. Additionally, compared to the mothers with the highest quartile of total fluid intake, those with the lowest quartile of total fluid intake were more likely to cease breastfeeding early (adjusted β=－1.22; 95% CI=－1.85–0.58). Conclusion The postpartum women with lower total fluid intake were more likely to cease breastfeeding. Short duration of breastfeeding was positively associated with limited total fluid intake in postpartum women.

Objective To investigate the effects of high-protein diet on urinary metabolome in rats with food restriction. Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (8 per group). The normal control group received 15% casein diet and water ad-libitum. The food restriction group was pair-fed the 15% casein diet with 30% food intake of the normal control. The protein supplemented group was pair-fed 30% casein diet with the 30% food intake of the normal control. Urine samples were collected 2 weeks after pair feeding. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer was used to investigate the changes of urinary metabolite profiles. Results Both food restriction and protein supplemented groups significantly altered the urinary metabolites. Food restriction led to a decrease in the levels of citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, N-acetyl glycoprotein and an increase in the level of taurine in the urine, while the levels of citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and N-acetyl glycoprotein were higher in the protein supplemented group than in the food restriction group, and the level of taurine was also higher than in the food restriction group. Conclusion A high-protein diet is helpful in improving metabolic disorders in the food restricted rats.

Objective To explore the effect of different acute high-altitude exposure durations on appetite and intestinal flora in mice. Methods Thiry SPF C57BL/6J male mice aged 7-8 weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups, with 10 mice in each group: plain control group (group P), acute plateaus 1 day group (group G1), and acute plateaus 7 days group (group G7). Among them, Group G7 was transferred to the plateau environment simulation cabin (simulated altitude of 5 000 m) immediately after the experiment began until the experiment ended. Group P was fed in the plain animal house. Group G1 was fed in the plain animal house for 3 days, and then transferred to the simulated cabin of plateau environment (simulated altitude of 5 000 m) for 1 day. During the experiment, the body weight and food intake were recorded every day. At the end of the environmental simulation, feces samples were collected into freezing tube, and blood samples were collected from orbital vein and serum was separated. The contents of NPY and PYY in the serum were determined by ELISA kits. After DNA extraction from mouse feces samples, the V3-V4 region in the variable region of 16S rDNA was selected for PCR amplification, DNA sequencing analysis and functional classification annotation. Results The acute plateaus exposure obviously inhibited the appetite of mice, and at the same time caused the weight loss. After entering the plateau, serum content of PYY increased and the NPY decreased. Among them, there was a significant difference between the group G1 and the group P (P<0.05). The low-pressure hypoxia exposure affected the composition of intestinal flora diversity in mice. The relative abundance of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium decreased, while the relative abundance of Enterococcus increased. The functional annotation results of COG gene showed that the functional characteristics of carbohydrates, amino acids and energy metabolism in the intestinal flora were increased. Rapid entry into the plateau environment adversely affected the generation and transformation of energy in intestinal flora and the expression of related genes such as biosynthesis, transport and catabolism of secondary metabolites. Conclusion Acute high-altitude exposure significantly suppresses the appetite and affected the composition of intestinal flora diversity.

In recent years, an increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was noted worldwide. Many factors were closely related to the occurrence and development of T2DM, among which the role of vitamin D has attracted more and more attention. At present, the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and T2DM has become a hot topic. This article reviews the research progress in the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and T2DM and the possible mechanisms involved, so as to provide some new ideas for the prevention and treatment of T2DM and its complications.

Objective To explore the mechanism by which maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy impairs placental development and leads to fetal growth restriction by regulating PAR1 expression. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats aged four weeks were randomly allocated into two groups according to their body weight, with 10 rats in each group: the control group (Ctrl), fed a standard diet, and the vitamin D deficiency group (VDD), fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. After 8 weeks of feeding, the rats were mated with normal male SD rats. On day 18 of gestation, both groups of female rats were euthanized under anesthesia, and samples were collected for detection of relevant indicators via ELISA and Western blot analysis. Results Before pregnancy and on gestational day 18 (GD18), the serum 25(OH)D concentrations in the Ctrl group were (20.37 ± 5.03) ng/ml and (9.09 ± 2.96) ng/ml, respectively, while in the VDD group, they were (13.62 ± 4.55) ng/ml and (5.34 ± 1.63) ng/ml, respectively. The serum 25(OH)D levels in the VDD group were significantly lower than those in the Ctrl group both before pregnancy and on GD18 (P<0.01 or P<0.05). On GD18, the weight gain during pregnancy in the VDD group was significantly lower than that in the Ctrl group (P<0.01). Compared to the Ctrl group, the protein expression levels of VDR, DBP, and CYP27B1 in the placental tissue of the VDD group were significantly downregulated (P<0.01), and the levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)₂D were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The placental diameter and weight in the VDD group were significantly lower than those in the Ctrl group (P<0.01). The expression levelof MMP2 protein was significantly downregulated (P<0.05), while the expression level of E-cadherin protein was significantly upregulated (P<0.05). The number of embryo implantations, live fetuses, embryo weight, and crown-rump length in the VDD group were significantly lower than those in the Ctrl group (P<0.01), and the number of resorbed fetuses was significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared to the Ctrl group, the expression level of PAR1 protein in the placenta of the VDD group was significantly downregulated (P<0.01). Conclusion Maternal vitamin D deficiency during gestation significantly downregulates placental PAR1 expression, leading to placental developmental disorders and fetal growth retardation.

Objective To investigate the protective action and molecular mechanisms of fucoxanthin (Fx) on cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice. Methods Fifty mice were divided into a control group (n = 10) and an experimental group (n = 40). The experimental group received an intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (7 mg/kg) once per week for four consecutive weeks to induce kidney injury. The experimental group was then further divided into four subgroups: model group, positive drug amifostine group (10 mg/kg), low-dose Fx group (50 mg/(kg·d)), and high-dose Fx group [100 mg/(kg·d)]. The normal and model groups received a standard diet, while the other three groups underwent respective interventions for another four weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed to measure serum levels of creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA). Oxidative enzyme activity, inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as kidney injury markers kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were assessed in kidney tissues. Histopathological changes in the kidney were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expressions of oxidative stress-related nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) family members and ferroptosis-related glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) proteins. Immunohistochemistry was also used to observe Nrf2 and GPX4 protein levels in kidney tissues. Results Fx intervention reduced serum CRE, BUN, and UA levels in mice, decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in the kidney, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and lowered KIM-1 and NGAL levels. Renal histopathological changes were also improved. Additionally, Fx increased the expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and GPX4 proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Fx treatment led to increased Nrf2 and GPX4 protein expression in kidney tissues. Conclusion Fx protests against cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice. The mechanism may involve alleviation of inflammation and oxidative stress, and inhibition of ferroptosis via activation of the Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the association of serum ferritin (SF) with glycemic parameters, including fasting glucose, fasting insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, and insulin resistance index. Methods The subjects of the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were stratified by sex and divided into four groups according to the quartile of SF level. Logistic regression was used to study the risk association between SF and glucose metabolism-related indexes, and the dose-response relationship was explored by restricted cubic spline. Results A total of 7271 subjects participants were included in this studyin which 3276 were males and 3995 were females and serum ferritin levels were significantly higher in males than females. In males, the highest SF level group (Q4) had a higher risk of hyperglycemia, glycated hemoglobin abnormalities, and insulin resistance compared with the lowest SF level group (Q1) (Ptrend<0.05) with a linear dose-response association (Poverall<0.05, Pnonlinear>0.05). In females, the highest SF level group (Q4) had a higher risk of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and glycated hemoglobin abnormality compared with the lower SF level group (Q2) (Ptrend<0.05). There was a nonlinear dose-response association between SF and the first three indicaters (Poverall<0.05, Pnonlinear<0.05) and a linear dose-response association with glycated hemoglobin abnormalities (Poverall<0.05, Pnonlinear>0.05). Conclusion There is a dose-response association between SF level and glycemic parameters in Chinese adult. For those with hyperglycemia, it isrecommended that SF should be maintained at a lower level within the current normal range.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of action of vanillic acid (VA) in regulating osteoclast differentiation and its effect on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Methods In vitro experiment: receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-treated RAW264.7 cells were used to establish an osteoclast differentiation model. The cells were divided into negative control (NC), RANKL- differentiated (Diff), and RANKL plus VA at 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L groups. Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8(CCK8) assay. The osteoclast differentiation was detected by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and immunoblot analysis of osteoclast differentiation-related proteins. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using a 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate（DCFH-DA）probe, and Western blotting was performed to detect nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2(Nrf2), Kelch like epichlorohydrin related protein 1(Keap1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) protein expressions. Additionally, ML385 was used to inhibit Nrf2 expression to evaluate its role in osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress. In vivo experiment: an osteoporosis model was established in OVX mice. The mice were divided into sham, OVX, OVX+estradiol (E2), OVX+VA50 mg/kg, and OVX+VA100 mg/kg (n= 6 per group) groups. Femoral bone structure was analyzed using micro computed tomography（Micro-CT）. Serum RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels were assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, and malondialdehyde (MDA)) were also quantified. Nrf2 expression in femur sections was evaluated immunofluorescently. Results In vitro: VA at concentrations of 1-500 μmol/L was non-toxic to RAW264.7 cells. Osteoclast differentiation, protein expression, and ROS levels were significantly elevated in the Diff group compared to the NC group (P<0.05). VA (200 μmol/L) significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation, decreased protein expression and ROS levels, promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and increased antioxidant enzyme (GCLC, SOD, CAT) expression (P<0.05). These changes were reversed after the inhibition of Nrf2 by ML385 (P<0.05). In vivo: compared to the sham group, OVX mice exhibited significantly reduced femoral structural mass, increased serum RANKL and MDA levels, and decreased serum OPG, SOD, and CAT levels, along with reduced Nrf2 expression (P<0.05). VA (100 mg/kg) treatment significantly improved bone structure, reduced serum RANKL and MDA levels, increased serum OPG, SOD, and CAT levels, and elevated Nrf2 expression compared to the OVX group (P<0.05). Conclusion VA mitigates osteoporosis in OVX mice by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and thereby inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress.

Objective To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of sodium butyrate (NaB) on dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice. Methods Thirty-eight 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, NaB (500 mg/(kg·d) ig) group and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) group (150mg/(kg·d )ig). NaB administration commenced 3 days before DSS induction and continued throughout the experimental period. During molding with DSS, the control group received sterile water, while the other three groups were given 2.5% DSS for 6 days and followed by sterile water until sacrifice. On day 7, mice were euthanized for colon length measurement and tissue weight analysis. The body weight, disease activity index (DAI) and colon length among different groups were compared. Colon pathology was evaluated via HE staining, and the number of goblet cells in the colon was observed after AB-PAS staining. To assess the degrees of ferroptosis, GSH, Fe2+, MDA levels and SOD activity were measured. The WB method was used to detect the expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11 and the phosphorylation levels of ERK and STAT3. IHC was used to detect the expression level of GPX4. Results Compared to the control group, the model group exhibited significant weight loss (P<0.001), elevated DAI (P<0.001), and shortened colon length (P<0.001). HE staining showed colon cell infiltration, shallow crypt, disappeared villi structure. The AB-PAS staining showed that the number of goblet cells was decreased. Meanwhile, both decreased expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11(P<0.05, P<0.05) and suppressed phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3 (P<0.05, P<0.05) indicated that ERK and STAT3 phosphorylation were inhibited and ferroptosis occured. Compared to the model group, the NaB group displayed reduced DAI (P<0.01), increased colon length (P<0.001). HE staining showed that colon structure was recoved AB-PAS staining indicated increased goblet cells. GSH level and SOD activity were increased (P<0.01, P<0.01), while MDA and Fe2+ levels decreased significantly (P<0.01, P<0.01). GPX4 and SLC7A11 protein expressions were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3 was significantly enhanced (P<0.05, P<0.05). Conclusion Sodium butyrate may play a protective role in inflammatory bowel disease through ERK and STAT3 phosphorylation and ferroptosis inhibition.

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum vitamin D (VD) levels and dyslipidemia in children and adolescents. Methods A total of 1873 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years were selected through multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling. Questionnaire surveys and physical examination were performed. Lipid profiles and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured. The association between 25(OH)D levels and dyslipidemia was analyzed using unconditional Logistic regression. Results Serum VD levels were positively correlated with TC and LDL-C concentrations and negatively correlated with TG levels (r_TC=0.167, r_TG=–0.139, r_LDL-C=0.144; All P<0.001). After adjusted for gender, age, region, sleep, moderate-to-high-intensity physical activity, daily outdoor activities, and nutrient supplement intake, logistic regression analysis indicated that those in the lowest quartile (first quartile) had a significantly lower risk of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) abnormalities compared with individuals in the highest quartile of VD levels (fourth quartile) (OR_TC=0.306;95%CI: 0.171-0.549;OR_LDL-C=0.287;95%CI: 0.151-0.545). In contrast, individuals in the third quartile of VD levels exhibited a higher risk of triglyceride (TG) abnormalities compared with individuals in the highest quartile of VD levels (fourth quartile) (OR_TG=1.764;95%CI: 1.183~2.632). Conclusion Serum VD has different effects on different lipid components. Lower VD levels are associated with a reduced risk of TC and LDL-C abnormalities but an increased risk of TG abnormalities.

Objective To analyze the correlation between nutrition literacy and food choice among elementary and middle school students in Beijing．MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted from September 2020 to January 2021 using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method among 10000 students from 16 districts of Beijing. The "Nutrition Literacy Questionnaire for School-age Children" was used to collect information on nutrition literacy and "Food Frequency Questionnaire" was filled out to collect information on food intake. Both nutrition literacy and dietary behavior were scored, with the total score of nutrition literacy converted to a percentage. The students who scored more than 80 were defined as having nutrition literacy and were divided into two groups based on their nutrition literacy. The t-test was used to compare their dietary behavior scores, while chi-square test was used to compare the frequencies of various food intake. A multiple linear regression analysis with the eating behavior score as the dependent variable was conducted. Results For students in grades 3-12, only 11.7% had nutrition literacy. In terms of daily food intake, individuals with nutrition literacy had higher proportions of consuming breakfast daily, coarse grains, fruits, vegetables, dark-colored vegetables, dairy products, and soy products at rates of 93.8%, 44.8%, 82.4%, 89.0%, 67.0%, 66.6%, and 21.5% respectively. They also consumed mushrooms or algae, seafood, and animal livers at least once a week at rates of 88.0%, 80.7%, and 41.9% respectively, all of which were higher than those without nutrition literacy. Conversely, the proportions of consuming sugar-sweetened beverage, fried food and western fast food at least once a week were lower among individuals with nutrition literacy at 53.6%, 48.5%, and 40.0% respectively (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the dietary behavior score was positively correlated with nutrition literacy (β=0.277,P<0.001). Conclusion The nutrition literacy levels of the surveyed students were relatively low, and those with higher levels of nutrition literacy usually chose foods in a healthier way.

Objective The reliability and validity of a self-designed Simplified Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ) for middle-aged and elderly population were evaluated, in order to provide a simple and reliable tool for dietary surveys in local residents. Methods A total of 145 subjects were randomly recruited from selected communities in Chengdu from October 2022 to January 2023. The first SFFQ and 3-days 24-h dietary recall were conducted at the beginning, and the second SFFQ and 3-days 24-h dietary recall were conducted 4 weeks later. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire by comparing the energy / nutrients / foods correlations between the two SFFQs, and the validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by comparing the correlation between the mean of two SFFQs and the mean of two 3-days 24-h dietary recalls. Results For the two SFFQs, the Spearman correlation coefficient (r) of energy and nutrients was from 0.380 to 0.637, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was from 0.253 to 0.558. The r of the foods was from 0.318 to 0.703, and the ICC was from 0.140 to 0.674. The r between energy and nutrients intakes by SFFQ and 3-days 24-h dietary recall ranged from 0.412 to 0.771 and from 0.186 to 0.883 for foods. It was shown in the Bland-Altman analysis that scatter points were almost distributed within the 95% limits of the agreement. Conclusion The reliability and validity of the SFFQ designed in this study are reasonable, and application in evaluating energy and nutrients intakes in middle-aged and elderly people are expected.

As dietary structure changes, obesity has become increasingly prominent in China. The article summarized the current prevalence of obesity in China, changes in dietary patterns, and the relationships between them. The main dietary patterns in China included traditional dietary patterns (northern pattern, southern pattern), Eastern healthy diet pattern, westernized characteristics dietary patterns (modern dietary pattern, meat pattern), vegetarian pattern, and lacto-ovo-vegetarian pattern. Among them, modern dietary pattern and meat pattern were associated with an increased risk of obesity, whose increasing consumption trend was potentially a major factor contributing to the obesity epidemic in China. Southern dietary pattern and Eastern healthy diet pattern were negatively associated with the risk of obesity, which may improve the obesity problem among Chinese adults.