Objective To investigate the dynamic changes in early infant enterotypes, the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and their associations with neurodevelopment. Methods Using a birth cohort study design, 163 healthy full-term infants born at West China Second University Hospital/West China Women's and Children's Hospital of Sichuan University between November 2020 and September 2021 were enrolled. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 7, and 30 after birth, and neurodevelopment was assessed using the ASQ-3 questionnaire at 12 months of age. Based on sample and questionnaire completeness, 69 infants completed the ASQ-3 assessment. A total of 38, 57, and 62 fecal samples from healthy full-term infants were included for subsequent analysis on days 0, 7, and 30, respectively. By integrating 16S rRNA sequencing, gas chromatography analysis, and ASQ-3 assessment, correlations between enterotypes, SCFAs levels, and neurodevelopmental indicators were analyzed. Results Infant gut microbiota underwent significant time-dependent succession within the first 30 days after birth. The enterotype shifted from a Bifidobacterium-dominant profile (enterotype 2) at day 0 to a Streptococcus-dominant profile (enterotype 1) at day 7, and further to a Clostridium-dominant profile (enterotype 3) at day 30. SCFAs levels also increased dynamically over time, with butyrate levels in the Clostridium-dominant enterotype (enterotype 3) being significantly higher than in other enterotypes at each time point. Correlation analyses indicated a significant positive association between enterotype and butyrate levels across all time points. A significant negative correlation was observed between enterotype at day 0 and communication domain scores, as well as between enterotype at day 7 and gross motor domain scores. Furthermore, propionate levels at days 0 and 30 were significantly negatively correlated with problem-solving domain scores on the ASQ-3 questionnaire, while acetate levels at day 7 were significantly negatively correlated with fine motor, problem-solving, and personal-social domain scores. Conclusion This study reveals the dynamic succession of early infant gut microbiota and fluctuations in SCFAs metabolism, as well as their associations with infant neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Objective To investigate the preventive effect of a composite probiotic formulation (Bifidobacterium infantis R0033, Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071, and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052) on upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in infants and young children aged 0-24 months. Methods From November 2022 to July 2024, 192 infants and young children aged 0-24 months nationwide were recruited. Using a paired, randomized, controlled, double-blind design, subjects were assigned to an intervention group (n=111, composite probiotic preparation) or a control group (n=81, maltodextrin preparation). The intervention period lasted 3 months. During the intervention period, fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota analysis, and questionnaires were used to record feeding patterns, bowel movements, growth and development indicators, and disease incidence. Results The overall incidence of URTIs in infants and young children in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group (31.53% vs. 45.68%, P < 0.05), with a particularly pronounced protective effect observed during spring (4.46% vs.18.52%, P<0.01). Gut microbiota analysis revealed significantly increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Prevotella genera in the intervention group (LDA score >2, P<0.05). Conclusion Combined probiotic intervention significantly reduces the incidence of URTIs in infants and young children while improving respiratory symptoms, with particularly pronounced protective effects during spring.

Objective To explore how personalized nutritional guidance influences the food choices and dietary patterns of dinner in obese adults undergoing weight management. Methods The study was conducted within a weight management camp in Shanghai. Fifteen male obese adults (BMI≥28), recruited between February and August 2025, were included. A self-pre-post control design was adopted. Before the intervention, a smart dietary assessment system (SAT) was used to conduct a dinner matching test and collect baseline dietary data. A 4-week personalized nutritional intervention was then implemented, comprising standardized meal guidance, systematic nutritional education, and a structured exercise protocol. After the intervention, the SAT test was repeated. Anthropometric measurements (including weight, body fat ratio, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio) and data on the dietary structure of self-prepared dinners via the SAT system were collected before and after the intervention. Paired sample t-test was used for normally distributed data analysis Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied for non-normally distributed data analysis. Results Following the weight management intervention, significant reductions were observed in weight, body fat ratio, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio (P<0.05). Regarding dietary structure, the intakes of livestock, poultry, fish, and eggs were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Energy and protein intakes also showed a significant reduction (P<0.05). The proportions were of the three macronutrients in energy contribution shifted closer to the recommendations by the Chinese Nutrition Society. However, dietary fiber intake remained inadequate. Excessive intake of certain minerals (such as phosphorus and iron) was alleviated, while inadequate dietary calcium intake persisted. The intake of B vitamins showed a decline. Conclusion Personalized dietary guidance can help of obese individuals to adequately choose foods for evening meals, and facilitate a shift towards a more rational dietary pattern. [ACTA NUTRIMENTA SINICA,2025,47（6）：553–559]

Objective To investigate the protective effects of chemical-based selenium (selenocystine, SeCys₂) and plant-based selenium (Cardamine hupingshanensis-Se, HUP) on cadmium (Cd)-induced intestinal injury and the underlying mechanism. Methods Cd-enriched (HUP-Cd) and Se-Cd-coenriched (HUP-Cd+Se) plants were obtained by hydroponics. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control (Con), Cd, Cd+Se, HUP-Cd, and HUP-Cd+Se groups. The mice in the Cd group were gavaged by CdCl₂ solution [Cd: 1.2 mg/kg body weight (BW), and mice in the Cd+Se group were gavaged by CdCl₂ and SeCys₂ solution (Cd: 1.2 mg/kg BW; Se: 0.4mg/kg BW). The mice in the HUP-Cd and HUP-Cd+Se groups were gavaged by corresponding suspensions containing the same amount of Cd and/or Se used in the Cd and Se groups. After 12 weeks, feces, serum and duodenum were collected. Histopathological observation was performed to examine the pathological changes and the number of goblet cells in the duodenum. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze Ki67 and Lgr5 positive cells in the crypts. Western blot was conducted to determine the phosphorylation levels of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and their downstream proteins, as well as the expression levels of tight junction proteins Occludin, Claudin1 and ZO-1. qPCR was employed to detect the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors (IFN-β、IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-6). Results Compared with the Cd and HUP-Cd groups, the mice in the Cd+Se and HUP-Cd+Se groups had lower serum levels of Cd with higher amount of Cd in the feces. Cd exposure induced obvious intestinal injury. Se and HUP-Se intervention alleviated oxidative stress, improved intestinal pathological injury, and upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins in the duodenum. Cd exposure activated the cGAS/STING pathway. Se and HUP-Se intervention downregulated the phosphorylation of proteins in this pathway and the mRNA expression levels of downstream inflammatory factors. Conclusion Chemical- and plant-based Se alleviated Cd-induced intestinal injury in mice by downregulating cGAS/STING pathway and inflammatory factors.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of nervonic acid (NA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in vitro. Methods The cells were divided into three groups: normal group, LPS-treated group, and three LPS+NA groups (5, 10, and 20 μmol/L). An intestinal injury cell model was established by treating Caco-2 and HT-29 cells with LPS for 24 hours. After co-treatment with NA and LPS, cells were cultured for an additional 24 hours, and viability was evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation as well as the distribution of tight junction (TJ) proteins (Claudin-1, Claudin-7) and mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC). Additionally, mRNA or protein expression levels of inflammatory factors (Tnfα, Il1β), TJ proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-1, Claudin-7, Occludin), mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC), and adhesion proteins (Alpi, Desmosome, Jama, Ecadherin) were detected by Western blotting or PCR analysis in the cells. Results NA significantly improved the viability of LPS-treated Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. NA treatment inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in Caco-2 cells. Additionally, it reversed the downregulation of Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 expressions in Caco-2 cells, as well as the downregulation of MUC2 and MUC5AC expressions in HT-29 cells after LPS exposure. Moreover, NA treatment also upregulated the mRNA expressions of Zo1, Claudin1 and Occludin in both Caco-2 and HT-29 cells exposed to LPS. Furthermore, NA treatment decreased the mRNA expressions of Tnfα, Il1β and increased the expressions of Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 in Caco-2 cells exposed to LPS. It also elevated the mRNA expressions of mucins (Muc2, Muc3, Muc5ac) and adhesion proteins (Alpi, Desmosome, Jama, Ecadherin) in HT-29 cells exposed to LPS. Conclusion NA alleviates LPS-induced damage in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells by reducing inflammatory factor levels, upregulating TJ protein expressions, and ultimately restoring intestinal epithelial barrier function.

Objective To investigate the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) combined with medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) on neuronal damage in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice and the potential autophagy-lysosomal pathway mechanism. Methods 4-month-old SAMP8 mice were randomly assigned to four groups: 0.233% DHA supplementation (DHA group), 10% MCTs supplementation (MCTs group), 0.233% DHA+10% MCTs supplementation (DHA+MCTs group), and control (Con-P group). Four-month-old senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1 (SAMR1) mice served as the normal aging control group (Con-R group). After 7 months of dietary intervention, brain tissue sections were prepared. Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining was used to assess neuronal degeneration in the cerebral cortex. Nissl staining was conducted to quantify surviving neurons. Immunofluorescence was employed to assess expression levels of autophagy-related and lysosome-related proteins. Results FJB staining revealed that compared to the Con-P group, the DHA, MCTs, and DHA+MCTs groups exhibited reduced numbers of degenerated neurons, while the DHA+MCTs group demonstrated the lowest number of degenerated neurons compared to the DHA and MCTs groups, and these differences were all statistically significant (P<0.05). Nissl staining revealed that the number of surviving neurons in the DHA, MCTs, and DHA+MCTs groups was higher than in the Con-P group. The DHA+MCTs group exhibited the highest number of surviving neurons (P<0.05). Immunofluorescence results showed that compared to the Con-P group, mTOR expression levels were higher in the DHA, MCTs, and DHA+MCTs groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, mTOR expression in the DHA+MCTs group was higher than in the DHA and MCTs groups. Meanwhile, expression levels of the key regulatory proteins for autophagy and lysosomal function (TFEB), the autophagy-related proteins (LC3 and Beclin-1) and the lysosomal-associated proteins (LAMP1, LAMP2, CTSB and CTSD) were all significantly reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion DHA combined with MCTs alleviates neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex of SAMP8 mice and the combined supplementation yields superior effects compared to either DHA or MCTs alone. The mechanism is related to the regulation of the mTOR/TFEB-mediated autophagy-lysosomal pathway.

Objective To investigate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on intestinal microecology to reduce radiation-induced small intestine damage in mice. Methods C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into three groups: blank control group, radiation model group and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group, with 15 mice in each group. Mice were given orally with saline or 150 mg/(kg·bw) Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides once a day for 28 days. On the 15th day, mice in the radiation model group and the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group were given a single whole-body 6 Gy dose of irradiation. On the 27th day, fresh feces samples were collected. On the 28th day, the samples of sera and small intestine tissue were taken after anesthesia. The radiation damage of small intestine was assessed by HE staining, ELISA method, and Western blot analysis. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the changes of intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the associations among microbiota, metabolites and intestinal parameters. Results Compared with the radiation model group, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides intervention significantly improved pathological changes of intestinal mucosa caused by radiation, reduced serum D-lactate (D-LA) content, diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content (P<0.05), and up-regulated the expression of zona occludens 1(ZO-1), claudin1 and mucin 2 (MUC2) (P<0.05）. Meanwhile, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides also relieved oxidative stress and inflammation by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) level (P<0.05). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides significantly improved radiation-induced dysbacteriosis and increased the contents of acetic acid and butyric acid in feces (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that Alistipes, Odoribacter, Enterorhabdus and other bacteria were correlated with the improvements in oxidative stress, inflammation and intestinal barrier function, while other genera Eubacterium_ xylanophilum_ group, Mucispirillum, Faecalibaculum, Turicibacter, Eubacterium_siraeum_group, etc. were related to the levels of short-chain fatty acids. Conclusion Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides reduce radiation-induced small intestine damage possibly by improving the intestinal microecology.

Nutrition is an important factor to improve muscle performance and post-exercise recovery. A well-balanced diet can protect against oxidative stress, inflammatory response and proteolysis in muscle tissue caused by high-intensity exercise, and alleviate muscle fatigue and injury. The nutrients and phytochemicals in natural foods have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity, and promote protein synthesis and enhance mitochondrial function, resulting in improved muscle performance. In this review, the effects and the molecular mechanisms of dietary proteins, amino acids, fatty acids and phytochemicals on muscle performance and mitochondrial function were outlined to provide a theoretical basis for the development of dietary supplements.

Objectives To evaluate the associations between consumption of non-fermented milk (fresh and powdered) and gut microbiota using a guild-based analytical approach. Methods This study included 2 380 participants (1,196 men and 1,184 women) from the Shanghai Women's and Men's Health Studies who provided stool samples during 2015-2018. Using fresh and powdered milk intake data from validated food frequency questionnaires collected during 2004-2011, we classified participants into never- and ever-intake groups. After estimating total non-fermented milk intake by summing fresh milk and the protein-based liquid-milk equivalents of powdered milk, we further divided the ever-intake group into low- and high-intake groups using sex-specific median cut-offs. Using previously constructed guilds at the OTU level, we compared the α- and β-diversity of gut microbiota across subgroups. We employed PICRUSt2 to predict microbial metabolic pathways, and used MaAsLin to assess the associations between non-fermented milk intake and the relative abundances of guilds and related metabolic pathways. Results In all participants (non-consumers included), the overall median non-fermented milk intake was 71.4 g/d in men and 200.0 g/d in women, whereas among ever-consumers the median was 200 g/d in both sexes. No significant associations were observed between non-fermented milk and α- and β-diversity. In men;|the abundance of Guild_4 was higher in the high-intake group than in the never-intake group (P=0.006)|while in women|the abundance of Guild_5 was higher in the high-intake group (P = 0.009). Both Guild_4 and Guild_5 were dominated by OTUs annotated as the genus Bifidobacterium. Additionally|the guilds that exhibited significant differences in abundance across subgroups in both men and women were predominantly composed of members of the Lachnospiraceae family|including Guild_48|Guild_49|Guild_52|Guild_67|and Guild_74. Non-fermented milk intake was significantly associated with metabolic pathways related to amino acid synthesis and glycolysis (P<0.05). Conclusion The results indicate sex-specific modulations of the gut microbiota by non-fermented milk. Even modest intakes may selectively enrich beneficial taxa such as Bifidobacterium.

With the accelerating global population aging and the growing burden of chronic diseases, unhealthy lifestyle habits further increase the risk of age-related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Time-restricted eating, a dietary pattern that limits the eating time window without restricting total caloric intake, food variety, and quantities, has been shown to have significant potential for promoting healthy aging. Accumulating evidences indicate that time-restricted eating helps regulate circadian rhythm disturbances caused by long-term unhealthy habits (such as sleep deprivation and irregular eating patterns) and has positive effects on weight management, blood glucose levels, lipid metabolism, cardiovascular health, and cognitive function with high compliance. Although the health benefits of time-restricted eating are widely recognized, further research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects and applicability, so as to provide a solid scientific foundation and practical guidance for promoting healthy aging.

Objective To design and develop a national nutrition and health assessment system. Methods By integrating the “Internet +” and cloud platform technology, smart mobile terminal of mobile phones and PAD, mini APP, auxiliary measurement and wearable devices, the national nutrition and health assessment system was developed. Results This system includes a management platform, a professional version of a dietary survey APP, a dietary assistance survey mini program, and a home nutrition and health monitoring APP. The management platform includes system management, project management, questionnaire management, dietary survey, physical examination, laboratory examination, physical activity survey, electronic questionnaire survey, data quality control, statistical analysis, individual evaluation, educational management and so on. The surveyed subjects can record their dietary information in real-time through a dietary assistance survey mini program, and the dietary information will be synchronized to the professional version of the dietary survey APP automatically to reduce recall errors. Data such as blood pressure, blood sugar and exercise are automatically transmitted through sphygmomanometer, blood glucose meter and kitchen scale, etc. Conclusion This system provides a tool for high-quality and refined implementation of nutritional health surveys, which can reduce dietary survey time, decrease recall errors, provide image references for professional investigators to estimate food weight, and improve survey efficiency and effectiveness.

As the aging of the population intensifies, the attention paid to elderly diabetic patients is increasing. The physiological changes brought about by aging are closely related to the onset and progression of diabetes. The clinical manifestations and nutritional needs of elderly diabetic patients differ from those of younger patients. Targeted dietary therapy is of great importance for the management of diabetes in the elderly. We outlines the mechanisms linking aging and diabetes development, elucidates the nutritional and metabolic changes in elderly diabetic patients and focuses on the nutritional therapy for elderly diabetic patients, so as to provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of diabetes in the elderly.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of action of vanillic acid (VA) in regulating osteoclast differentiation and its effect on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Methods In vitro experiment: receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-treated RAW264.7 cells were used to establish an osteoclast differentiation model. The cells were divided into negative control (NC), RANKL- differentiated (Diff), and RANKL plus VA at 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L groups. Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8(CCK8) assay. The osteoclast differentiation was detected by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and immunoblot analysis of osteoclast differentiation-related proteins. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using a 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate（DCFH-DA）probe, and Western blotting was performed to detect nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2(Nrf2), Kelch like epichlorohydrin related protein 1(Keap1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) protein expressions. Additionally, ML385 was used to inhibit Nrf2 expression to evaluate its role in osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress. In vivo experiment: an osteoporosis model was established in OVX mice. The mice were divided into sham, OVX, OVX+estradiol (E2), OVX+VA50 mg/kg, and OVX+VA100 mg/kg (n= 6 per group) groups. Femoral bone structure was analyzed using micro computed tomography（Micro-CT）. Serum RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels were assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, and malondialdehyde (MDA)) were also quantified. Nrf2 expression in femur sections was evaluated immunofluorescently. Results In vitro: VA at concentrations of 1-500 μmol/L was non-toxic to RAW264.7 cells. Osteoclast differentiation, protein expression, and ROS levels were significantly elevated in the Diff group compared to the NC group (P<0.05). VA (200 μmol/L) significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation, decreased protein expression and ROS levels, promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and increased antioxidant enzyme (GCLC, SOD, CAT) expression (P<0.05). These changes were reversed after the inhibition of Nrf2 by ML385 (P<0.05). In vivo: compared to the sham group, OVX mice exhibited significantly reduced femoral structural mass, increased serum RANKL and MDA levels, and decreased serum OPG, SOD, and CAT levels, along with reduced Nrf2 expression (P<0.05). VA (100 mg/kg) treatment significantly improved bone structure, reduced serum RANKL and MDA levels, increased serum OPG, SOD, and CAT levels, and elevated Nrf2 expression compared to the OVX group (P<0.05). Conclusion VA mitigates osteoporosis in OVX mice by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and thereby inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress.

Objective To describe the trends and epidemiological characteristics of the disease burden of nutritional deficiencies in China from 1990 to 2021 and to project the incidence from 2022 to 2040. Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 on the incidence, mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) rates of nutritional deficiencies in China from 1990 to 2021, we analyzed the Annual Percentage Change (APC) and Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) via Joinpoint regression models. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to project incidence rates from 2022 to 2040. Results From 1990 to 2021, the overall incidence rate of nutritional deficiencies in China showed a continuous declining trend, with an AAPC of −4.25%. The age-standardized incidence rate also exhibited a continuous decline, with an AAPC of −3.96%. The mortality rate initially decreased and then increased, but showed an overall downward trend with an AAPC of −3.45%. The age-standardized mortality rate declined overall, with an AAPC of −4.97%. The DALY rate displayed a general downward trend (AAPC = −3.78%), as did the age-standardized DALY rate (AAPC = −4.07%). In 2021, the DALY rate for females was three times that of males, and the age-standardized DALY rate for females was 2.5 times that of males. The disease burden declined most rapidly in the 0-4 age group, with AAPCs for incidence, mortality, and DALY rates of −5.66%, −10.80%, and −7.89%, respectively. Projections from the Bayesian age-period-cohort model indicated that the age-standardized incidence rate in China would decrease from 3205.11 per 100 000 in 2022 to 2331.78 per 100 000 in 2040, representing a reduction of 27.22%. Conclusion The disease burden of nutritional deficiencies in China showed a downward trend from 1990 to 2021. Projections suggest that the age-standardized incidence rates for the overall population, females, and males will continue to decline from 2022 to 2040.

Objective To analyze the effects of tryptophan (Trp) on the Trp-targeted metabolites and intestinal flora in mice with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) based on Trp-targeted metabolomics and 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice aged 5-6 weeks were randomly divided into a control group (control, n=15) and an experimental group (n=30). The control group was fed a normal diet, while the experimental group was fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with a fat ratio of 60% to establish the MAFLD mouse model. The modeling time was 16 weeks. After the model was successfully constructed, the mice in the experimental group was randomly divided into the HFD group (n=10) and the Trp group (n=10). The HFD group was orally given the same amount of 0.9% normal saline, and the Trp group was given Trp at 50mg/ (kg·d). Both groups were intervened for 8 weeks. The body weight, food intake, liver wet weight, liver index, liver pathological changes, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and serum transaminase levels, as well as ileal pathology and mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins were detected. The intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites were detected by 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing and Trp-targeted metabolomics technology, and the association analysis between the differential microbiota and Trp-targeted metabolites was conducted through Spearman correlation analysis. Results Compared with the control group, the lipid deposition in the liver of mice in the HFD group increased significantly, and the body weight, liver wet weight and liver index increased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the HFD group, the lipid deposition in the liver of mice in the Trp group was significantly reduced, and the body weight (P<0.01), liver wet weight (P<0.01), and liver index all decreased significantly (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of ileal tight junction proteins was up-regulated. The abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Allobaculum, as well as the diversity of intestinal flora were increased. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the level of the Trp metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of Allobaculum (P<0.001). Conclusion Trp has an improving effect on MAFLD in mice, which is related to the enrichment of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Allobaculum and the reduction of 5-HIAA production.

Dyslipidemia is closely associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Cordycepin, a key bioactive compound derived from the medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris, shows promising potential in regulating lipid metabolism. Current experimental evidence indicates its beneficial effects on improving blood lipid profiles. We summarize research progress in the hypolipidemic action of cordycepin based on experimental studies. Its underlying mechanisms are also explored, including inhibition of lipid synthesis, promotion of fatty acid oxidation, modulation of the gut microbiota-short-chain fatty acid axis, and amelioration of oxidative stress, metabolic inflammation, and autophagy homeostasis.

Objective To investigate the effects of high-protein diet on urinary metabolome in rats with food restriction. Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (8 per group). The normal control group received 15% casein diet and water ad-libitum. The food restriction group was pair-fed the 15% casein diet with 30% food intake of the normal control. The protein supplemented group was pair-fed 30% casein diet with the 30% food intake of the normal control. Urine samples were collected 2 weeks after pair feeding. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer was used to investigate the changes of urinary metabolite profiles. Results Both food restriction and protein supplemented groups significantly altered the urinary metabolites. Food restriction led to a decrease in the levels of citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, N-acetyl glycoprotein and an increase in the level of taurine in the urine, while the levels of citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and N-acetyl glycoprotein were higher in the protein supplemented group than in the food restriction group, and the level of taurine was also higher than in the food restriction group. Conclusion A high-protein diet is helpful in improving metabolic disorders in the food restricted rats.

Objective To apply a precision nutrition buffet mode and test its nutritional effects in pilots. Methods A total of 149 pilots were selected as the study subjects. They were served by traditional buffet mode upon admission. A 3-day dietary survey and blood lipids and uric acid measurements were conducted. Then, a precise nutrition buffet mode was adopted. Twenty days later, a 3-day dietary survey was conducted and blood lipids and uric acid were rechecked. Food supply standards, dietary reference intakes and Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI 22) were used to evaluate the quality of dietary nutrition. The differences in blood lipids and uric acid before and after the intervention were analyzed. Results In traditional buffet mode, the intakes of salt, oil, poultry and livestock meat far exceeded the recommended intake. The intakes of many nutrients were excessive. In the precision nutrition buffet mode, the intakes of salt, oil, poultry and livestock meat, as well as many nutrients decreased significantly. High bound score (HBS) of the traditional buffetmode was 14, indicating excessive low-level dietary intake. The HBS of the precision nutrition buffet mode was 7, indicating a more appropriate intake. After the intervention by precision nutrition buffet mode, blood uric acid, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly delined. Conclusion Compared to the traditional buffet mode, precision nutrition buffet mode is better in securiong a balance dietary intake. The precision nutrition buffet mode is worthy of promotion and application.

Objective The reliability and validity of a self-designed Simplified Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ) for middle-aged and elderly population were evaluated, in order to provide a simple and reliable tool for dietary surveys in local residents. Methods A total of 145 subjects were randomly recruited from selected communities in Chengdu from October 2022 to January 2023. The first SFFQ and 3-days 24-h dietary recall were conducted at the beginning, and the second SFFQ and 3-days 24-h dietary recall were conducted 4 weeks later. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire by comparing the energy / nutrients / foods correlations between the two SFFQs, and the validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by comparing the correlation between the mean of two SFFQs and the mean of two 3-days 24-h dietary recalls. Results For the two SFFQs, the Spearman correlation coefficient (r) of energy and nutrients was from 0.380 to 0.637, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was from 0.253 to 0.558. The r of the foods was from 0.318 to 0.703, and the ICC was from 0.140 to 0.674. The r between energy and nutrients intakes by SFFQ and 3-days 24-h dietary recall ranged from 0.412 to 0.771 and from 0.186 to 0.883 for foods. It was shown in the Bland-Altman analysis that scatter points were almost distributed within the 95% limits of the agreement. Conclusion The reliability and validity of the SFFQ designed in this study are reasonable, and application in evaluating energy and nutrients intakes in middle-aged and elderly people are expected.

Objective To explore the association between the levels of major carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene) in mature breast milk of postpartum women in Shanghai and the allergic reactions in infants, so as to provide a scientific theoretical framework and strategic basis for the prevention and management of allergic reactions in infants. Methods Healthy singleton full-term lactating women and their newborns were recruited from the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department of Xinhua hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to August 2019. Mature breast milk samples were collected from women within 200 to 400 days postpartum. Baby's allergy status from birth to the day of breast milk collection was also investigated. High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect the contents of carotenoids in breast milks. Mann Whitney U test and logistic regression were used to analyze the association between carotenoid levels in breast milks and allergic reactions in infants. Results A total of 200 pairs of maternal and infant data were included. Lutein was the most abundant carotenoid in the analyzed breast milks. Among them, 70 infants and young children reported a history of allergies. The Mann Whitney U test indicated that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the contents of lutein and zeaxanthin in breast milks between infants with allergic symptoms and those without allergic symptoms. Logistic regression analysis further showed that as the lutein content in mature breast milks gradually increased, the risk of allergic symptoms in infants gradually decreased (OR=0.843, 95% CI: 0.714-0.996),while other carotenoid levels were not significantly associated with allergic risk. Conclusion The level of lutein in breast milk has a positive impact on allergic reactions in infants. Therefore, the intake level of lutein during early life development in infants may have important clinical significance.

In recent years, an increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was noted worldwide. Many factors were closely related to the occurrence and development of T2DM, among which the role of vitamin D has attracted more and more attention. At present, the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and T2DM has become a hot topic. This article reviews the research progress in the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and T2DM and the possible mechanisms involved, so as to provide some new ideas for the prevention and treatment of T2DM and its complications.

Objective To investigate the potential association between maternal total fluid intake at 3 months of infant age and breastfeeding practices and duration. Methods The study was embedded in the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort. Information on total fluid intake for postpartum women was collected via telephone interviews at 3 months of infant age. Total fluid intake was categorized by quartiles. Information on breastfeeding practices and duration was collected via telephone interviews at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of infant age. Breastfeeding practice was divided into full breastfeeding (FBF) and any breastfeeding (ABF). Logistic and multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the association of total fluid intake with breastfeeding practices and duration. Results Among 2483 postpartum women-infants, 1350 (54.4%) and 966 (38.9%) received FBF at 3 and 6 months of infant age, respectively, and 2056 (82.8%), 1774 (71.4%), and 646 (36.8%) received ABF at 3, 6, and 12 months of infant age, respectively. The medium (interquartile range) of total fluid intake was 1600 ml (1250-2000 ml). About 2352 (94.7%) did not meet the recommended intake (2600ml). Compared to the mothers with the highest quartile of total fluid intake, those with the lowest quartile of total fluid intake were more likely to cease FBF at 3 months (OR=3.87; 95% CI = 3.03–4.96) and at 6 months (OR=3.05; 95% CI=2.38–3.92) of infant age, and to cease ABF at 12 months of infant age (OR=1.67; 95% CI=1.28–2.17). However, among mother-infants who received FBF at 3 months of infant age, fluid intake at 3 months of infant age was not significantly associated with breastfeeding practices at 6 and 12 months of infant age. Additionally, compared to the mothers with the highest quartile of total fluid intake, those with the lowest quartile of total fluid intake were more likely to cease breastfeeding early (adjusted β=－1.22; 95% CI=－1.85–0.58). Conclusion The postpartum women with lower total fluid intake were more likely to cease breastfeeding. Short duration of breastfeeding was positively associated with limited total fluid intake in postpartum women.

Objective To review the effects of choline on early childhood cognitive function and growth development, middle-age and elderly cognitive function, metabolic associated fatty liver disease, body composition, cancer, risk of mortality. Methods Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and SinoMed from 2003.01 to 2024.05 were searched for systematic reviews, meta-analysis and prospective studies related to the association between choline and health outcomes. Results A total of 90 studies from 34655 papers were included. We found that: (1) higher choline intake was correlated with better cognitive function such as memory, language, learning, attention, and executive function in infants and children aged 6 months to 7 years; (2) choline intake was positively correlated with the height and weight of infants, and could also improve growth (such as body weight and head circumference) in infants with prenatal alcohol exposure; (3) higher intake of choline showed a significant association with enhanced cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults, which contributed to reduced Alzheimer's disease incidence and attenuated progression of dementia-related symptoms; (4) choline intake could reduce the risk of fatty liver disease; (5) serum choline was associated with improved body composition; (6) no significant association was observed between choline and the overall risk of cancers or the risk of all-cause mortality. Conclusion Choline is closely associated with a variety of beneficial health outcomes. Choline-rich foods should be reasonably consumed as part of a healthy diet to obtain maximum health benefits.

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders. Zinc is the only identified endogenous ligand for G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) to date. GPR39 is widely distributed in the nervous system. Recent studies have shown a close association between zinc and its receptor GPR39 and depression. Abnormal expression and functional changes of GPR39 can affect neurotransmitter balance and neural plasticity, thereby influencing the development of depression. Agonists of GPR39 have shown certain potential application value in the prevention and treatment of depression.

As dietary structure changes, obesity has become increasingly prominent in China. The article summarized the current prevalence of obesity in China, changes in dietary patterns, and the relationships between them. The main dietary patterns in China included traditional dietary patterns (northern pattern, southern pattern), Eastern healthy diet pattern, westernized characteristics dietary patterns (modern dietary pattern, meat pattern), vegetarian pattern, and lacto-ovo-vegetarian pattern. Among them, modern dietary pattern and meat pattern were associated with an increased risk of obesity, whose increasing consumption trend was potentially a major factor contributing to the obesity epidemic in China. Southern dietary pattern and Eastern healthy diet pattern were negatively associated with the risk of obesity, which may improve the obesity problem among Chinese adults.

Objective To explore the mechanism by which maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy impairs placental development and leads to fetal growth restriction by regulating PAR1 expression. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats aged four weeks were randomly allocated into two groups according to their body weight, with 10 rats in each group: the control group (Ctrl), fed a standard diet, and the vitamin D deficiency group (VDD), fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. After 8 weeks of feeding, the rats were mated with normal male SD rats. On day 18 of gestation, both groups of female rats were euthanized under anesthesia, and samples were collected for detection of relevant indicators via ELISA and Western blot analysis. Results Before pregnancy and on gestational day 18 (GD18), the serum 25(OH)D concentrations in the Ctrl group were (20.37 ± 5.03) ng/ml and (9.09 ± 2.96) ng/ml, respectively, while in the VDD group, they were (13.62 ± 4.55) ng/ml and (5.34 ± 1.63) ng/ml, respectively. The serum 25(OH)D levels in the VDD group were significantly lower than those in the Ctrl group both before pregnancy and on GD18 (P<0.01 or P<0.05). On GD18, the weight gain during pregnancy in the VDD group was significantly lower than that in the Ctrl group (P<0.01). Compared to the Ctrl group, the protein expression levels of VDR, DBP, and CYP27B1 in the placental tissue of the VDD group were significantly downregulated (P<0.01), and the levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)₂D were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The placental diameter and weight in the VDD group were significantly lower than those in the Ctrl group (P<0.01). The expression levelof MMP2 protein was significantly downregulated (P<0.05), while the expression level of E-cadherin protein was significantly upregulated (P<0.05). The number of embryo implantations, live fetuses, embryo weight, and crown-rump length in the VDD group were significantly lower than those in the Ctrl group (P<0.01), and the number of resorbed fetuses was significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared to the Ctrl group, the expression level of PAR1 protein in the placenta of the VDD group was significantly downregulated (P<0.01). Conclusion Maternal vitamin D deficiency during gestation significantly downregulates placental PAR1 expression, leading to placental developmental disorders and fetal growth retardation.

The prevalence of hyperuricemia in China is rising annually, and the prevention and management of this condition are receiving growing attention. Previous research has established a link between dietary nutrition and hyperuricemia. Based on literature retrieved, we outlined the advancements in research on the relationship between food, nutrients, dietary patterns, and hyperuricemia, aiming to offer a scientific foundation for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia through dietary nutrition.

Objective To explore the relationship between dietary macronutrient energy supply ratio and cognitive decline, so as to provide a scientific basis for dietary guidance for cognitive decline prevention in Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults. Methods Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) database from 1997 to 2006, adults aged 55-89 years who had completed at least one cognitive function test were included through multistage stratified cluster random sampling method. Individuals with abnormal energy intake were excluded. The dietary energy intake, carbohydrate energy ratio, fat energy ratio, and protein energy ratio were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the macronutrient energy supply ratio and cognitive decline. Additionally, the relationship between macronutrient energy supply ratio and cognitive decline was further examined using limiting restricted cubic spline (RCS). Results A total of 10,689 participants were included in this study. After adjusting for covariates, those with higher carbohydrates to energy ratios (carbohydrate%E) had a higher risk of cognitive decline than those with lower carbohydrate%E (OR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.03-1.94). The risk of cognitive decline was lowest in the population with moderate fat to energy ratio (fat%E) (OR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.71-0.99). People with higher protein to energy ratios(protein%E) had a lower risk of cognitive decline (OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.63-0.89). The results in the RCS curves showed that there was a linear relationship between carbohydrate%E or protein%E and cognitive decline (P non-linear>0.05), and a nonlinear relationship between fat%E and cognitive decline (P non-linear <0.05). The risk of cognitive decline was the lowest in the subjects when fat%E was 34.65%. Conclusion In the middle-aged and elderly adults of CHNS, carbohydrate%E is related to higher risk of cognitive decline, and protein%E is related to lower risk of cognitive decline. A high-fat diet with a fat energy ratio of 34.65% is related to the lowest risk of cognitive decline.

Objective To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of sodium butyrate (NaB) on dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice. Methods Thirty-eight 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, NaB (500 mg/(kg·d) ig) group and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) group (150mg/(kg·d )ig). NaB administration commenced 3 days before DSS induction and continued throughout the experimental period. During molding with DSS, the control group received sterile water, while the other three groups were given 2.5% DSS for 6 days and followed by sterile water until sacrifice. On day 7, mice were euthanized for colon length measurement and tissue weight analysis. The body weight, disease activity index (DAI) and colon length among different groups were compared. Colon pathology was evaluated via HE staining, and the number of goblet cells in the colon was observed after AB-PAS staining. To assess the degrees of ferroptosis, GSH, Fe2+, MDA levels and SOD activity were measured. The WB method was used to detect the expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11 and the phosphorylation levels of ERK and STAT3. IHC was used to detect the expression level of GPX4. Results Compared to the control group, the model group exhibited significant weight loss (P<0.001), elevated DAI (P<0.001), and shortened colon length (P<0.001). HE staining showed colon cell infiltration, shallow crypt, disappeared villi structure. The AB-PAS staining showed that the number of goblet cells was decreased. Meanwhile, both decreased expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11(P<0.05, P<0.05) and suppressed phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3 (P<0.05, P<0.05) indicated that ERK and STAT3 phosphorylation were inhibited and ferroptosis occured. Compared to the model group, the NaB group displayed reduced DAI (P<0.01), increased colon length (P<0.001). HE staining showed that colon structure was recoved AB-PAS staining indicated increased goblet cells. GSH level and SOD activity were increased (P<0.01, P<0.01), while MDA and Fe2+ levels decreased significantly (P<0.01, P<0.01). GPX4 and SLC7A11 protein expressions were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3 was significantly enhanced (P<0.05, P<0.05). Conclusion Sodium butyrate may play a protective role in inflammatory bowel disease through ERK and STAT3 phosphorylation and ferroptosis inhibition.

Objective To compare the effects of ketogenic diet (KD) and very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) on body weight control and liver injury in obese rats. Methods Thirty 3-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control group (CD group, n=6) and a diet-induced obesity group (DIO group, n=24). The DIO group was fed a 60% high-fat diet for 10 weeks to model obesity. Eighteen successfully modeled obese rats were randomly divided into three groups: KD group (n=6), VLCKD group (n=6), and high fat diet group (HFD group, n=6). After a 5-week intervention, changes of body weight (BW), abdominal circumference (AC), body length, food intake, blood glucose and ketones were recorded. The alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, liver injury, and oxidative stress were analyzed. Results The body weight and Lee's index of rats in the VLCKD group were significantly reduced. The improvements in blood glucose and lipid metabolism in the KD group were more pronounced than in the VLCKD group. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the liver were significantly lower in the VLCKD group than in the KD group. The improvements in malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in the liver were more pronounced in the KD group. Conclusion VLCKD and KD can improve glucose and lipid metabolism, liver inflammation, and oxidative stress in obese rats. VLCKD has a significant impact on liver inflammatory factors, while KD has a significant impact on liver oxidative stress.

Objective To investigate the protective action and molecular mechanisms of fucoxanthin (Fx) on cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice. Methods Fifty mice were divided into a control group (n = 10) and an experimental group (n = 40). The experimental group received an intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (7 mg/kg) once per week for four consecutive weeks to induce kidney injury. The experimental group was then further divided into four subgroups: model group, positive drug amifostine group (10 mg/kg), low-dose Fx group (50 mg/(kg·d)), and high-dose Fx group [100 mg/(kg·d)]. The normal and model groups received a standard diet, while the other three groups underwent respective interventions for another four weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed to measure serum levels of creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA). Oxidative enzyme activity, inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as kidney injury markers kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were assessed in kidney tissues. Histopathological changes in the kidney were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expressions of oxidative stress-related nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) family members and ferroptosis-related glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) proteins. Immunohistochemistry was also used to observe Nrf2 and GPX4 protein levels in kidney tissues. Results Fx intervention reduced serum CRE, BUN, and UA levels in mice, decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in the kidney, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and lowered KIM-1 and NGAL levels. Renal histopathological changes were also improved. Additionally, Fx increased the expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and GPX4 proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Fx treatment led to increased Nrf2 and GPX4 protein expression in kidney tissues. Conclusion Fx protests against cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice. The mechanism may involve alleviation of inflammation and oxidative stress, and inhibition of ferroptosis via activation of the Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway.

Objective To explore the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth outcomes among Chinese women. Methods We collected data on pre-pregnancy BMI, prenatal weight, and birth outcomes. Total GWG was calculated and categorized as insufficient, appropriate, or excessive based on the Chinese health standard (WS/T 801-2022) and the IOM 2009 guidelines. Adverse birth outcomes included small vulnerable newborns (SVN: small for gestational age, low birth weight, or preterm birth), large-sized newborns (large for gestational age or macrosomia). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between GWG and adverse birth outcomes, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated. Results A total of 8,126 mother-infant pairs were included in the study. According to the WS/T 801, 7.6%, 42.3%, and 50.1% of the women had insufficient, appropriate, or excessive GWG, respectively, while under the IOM 2009, these proportions were 23.7%, 42.1%, and 34.2%, respectively. Among infants, 12.7% were SVN, 12.8% were large-sized newborns, and 24.5% presented with adverse birth outcomes. Based on the WS/T801, compared with the normal pre-pregnancy BMI and appropriate weight gain group, the OR (95% CI) for SVN in the pre-pregnancy underweight and normal BMI groups with insufficient weight gain were 2.00 (1.38, 2.90) and 1.77 (1.32, 2.36), respectively. For large-sized newborns, the OR (95% CI) in the excessive weight gain group were 1.66 (1.18, 2.34) and 2.21 (1.84, 2.65), respectively. In the pre-pregnancy overweight/obese group, the OR (95% CI) for large-sized newborns among those with excessive weight gain during pregnancy was 3.38 (2.73, 4.18). Among the normal pre-pregnancy BMI group and the pre-pregnancy overweight/obese group, the OR (95% CI) for adverse birth outcomes in those with excessive weight gain were 1.15 (1.01, 1.32) and 1.53 (1.29, 1.82), respectively. In the pre-pregnancy underweight and normal BMI groups, the OR (95% CI) for adverse birth outcomes in those with insufficient weight gain were 1.33 (1.01, 1.74) and 1.47 (1.03, 2.10), respectively. Based on the IOM criteria, the OR (95% CI) for adverse birth outcomes in the pre-pregnancy overweight or obese group with appropriate weight gain was 1.38 (1.10, 1.72). Conclusion Both the WS/T 801 and IOM 2009 criteria can reduce the risk of adverse birth outcomes. The WS/T 801 standard is more conducive to guiding Chinese women in preventing SVN and large-sized newborns, and thereby achieving favorable birth outcomes.