Objective To investigate the mechanism of action of vanillic acid (VA) in regulating osteoclast differentiation and its effect on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Methods In vitro experiment: receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-treated RAW264.7 cells were used to establish an osteoclast differentiation model. The cells were divided into negative control (NC), RANKL- differentiated (Diff), and RANKL plus VA at 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L groups. Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8(CCK8) assay. The osteoclast differentiation was detected by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and immunoblot analysis of osteoclast differentiation-related proteins. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using a 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate（DCFH-DA）probe, and Western blotting was performed to detect nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2(Nrf2), Kelch like epichlorohydrin related protein 1(Keap1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) protein expressions. Additionally, ML385 was used to inhibit Nrf2 expression to evaluate its role in osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress. In vivo experiment: an osteoporosis model was established in OVX mice. The mice were divided into sham, OVX, OVX+estradiol (E2), OVX+VA50 mg/kg, and OVX+VA100 mg/kg (n= 6 per group) groups. Femoral bone structure was analyzed using micro computed tomography（Micro-CT）. Serum RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels were assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, and malondialdehyde (MDA)) were also quantified. Nrf2 expression in femur sections was evaluated immunofluorescently. Results In vitro: VA at concentrations of 1-500 μmol/L was non-toxic to RAW264.7 cells. Osteoclast differentiation, protein expression, and ROS levels were significantly elevated in the Diff group compared to the NC group (P<0.05). VA (200 μmol/L) significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation, decreased protein expression and ROS levels, promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and increased antioxidant enzyme (GCLC, SOD, CAT) expression (P<0.05). These changes were reversed after the inhibition of Nrf2 by ML385 (P<0.05). In vivo: compared to the sham group, OVX mice exhibited significantly reduced femoral structural mass, increased serum RANKL and MDA levels, and decreased serum OPG, SOD, and CAT levels, along with reduced Nrf2 expression (P<0.05). VA (100 mg/kg) treatment significantly improved bone structure, reduced serum RANKL and MDA levels, increased serum OPG, SOD, and CAT levels, and elevated Nrf2 expression compared to the OVX group (P<0.05). Conclusion VA mitigates osteoporosis in OVX mice by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and thereby inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress.

Objective To describe the trends and epidemiological characteristics of the disease burden of nutritional deficiencies in China from 1990 to 2021 and to project the incidence from 2022 to 2040. Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 on the incidence, mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) rates of nutritional deficiencies in China from 1990 to 2021, we analyzed the Annual Percentage Change (APC) and Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) via Joinpoint regression models. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to project incidence rates from 2022 to 2040. Results From 1990 to 2021, the overall incidence rate of nutritional deficiencies in China showed a continuous declining trend, with an AAPC of −4.25%. The age-standardized incidence rate also exhibited a continuous decline, with an AAPC of −3.96%. The mortality rate initially decreased and then increased, but showed an overall downward trend with an AAPC of −3.45%. The age-standardized mortality rate declined overall, with an AAPC of −4.97%. The DALY rate displayed a general downward trend (AAPC = −3.78%), as did the age-standardized DALY rate (AAPC = −4.07%). In 2021, the DALY rate for females was three times that of males, and the age-standardized DALY rate for females was 2.5 times that of males. The disease burden declined most rapidly in the 0-4 age group, with AAPCs for incidence, mortality, and DALY rates of −5.66%, −10.80%, and −7.89%, respectively. Projections from the Bayesian age-period-cohort model indicated that the age-standardized incidence rate in China would decrease from 3205.11 per 100 000 in 2022 to 2331.78 per 100 000 in 2040, representing a reduction of 27.22%. Conclusion The disease burden of nutritional deficiencies in China showed a downward trend from 1990 to 2021. Projections suggest that the age-standardized incidence rates for the overall population, females, and males will continue to decline from 2022 to 2040.

With the accelerating global population aging and the growing burden of chronic diseases, unhealthy lifestyle habits further increase the risk of age-related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Time-restricted eating, a dietary pattern that limits the eating time window without restricting total caloric intake, food variety, and quantities, has been shown to have significant potential for promoting healthy aging. Accumulating evidences indicate that time-restricted eating helps regulate circadian rhythm disturbances caused by long-term unhealthy habits (such as sleep deprivation and irregular eating patterns) and has positive effects on weight management, blood glucose levels, lipid metabolism, cardiovascular health, and cognitive function with high compliance. Although the health benefits of time-restricted eating are widely recognized, further research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects and applicability, so as to provide a solid scientific foundation and practical guidance for promoting healthy aging.

As the aging of the population intensifies, the attention paid to elderly diabetic patients is increasing. The physiological changes brought about by aging are closely related to the onset and progression of diabetes. The clinical manifestations and nutritional needs of elderly diabetic patients differ from those of younger patients. Targeted dietary therapy is of great importance for the management of diabetes in the elderly. We outlines the mechanisms linking aging and diabetes development, elucidates the nutritional and metabolic changes in elderly diabetic patients and focuses on the nutritional therapy for elderly diabetic patients, so as to provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of diabetes in the elderly.

The prevalence of hyperuricemia in China is rising annually, and the prevention and management of this condition are receiving growing attention. Previous research has established a link between dietary nutrition and hyperuricemia. Based on literature retrieved, we outlined the advancements in research on the relationship between food, nutrients, dietary patterns, and hyperuricemia, aiming to offer a scientific foundation for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia through dietary nutrition.

Objective To apply a precision nutrition buffet mode and test its nutritional effects in pilots. Methods A total of 149 pilots were selected as the study subjects. They were served by traditional buffet mode upon admission. A 3-day dietary survey and blood lipids and uric acid measurements were conducted. Then, a precise nutrition buffet mode was adopted. Twenty days later, a 3-day dietary survey was conducted and blood lipids and uric acid were rechecked. Food supply standards, dietary reference intakes and Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI 22) were used to evaluate the quality of dietary nutrition. The differences in blood lipids and uric acid before and after the intervention were analyzed. Results In traditional buffet mode, the intakes of salt, oil, poultry and livestock meat far exceeded the recommended intake. The intakes of many nutrients were excessive. In the precision nutrition buffet mode, the intakes of salt, oil, poultry and livestock meat, as well as many nutrients decreased significantly. High bound score (HBS) of the traditional buffetmode was 14, indicating excessive low-level dietary intake. The HBS of the precision nutrition buffet mode was 7, indicating a more appropriate intake. After the intervention by precision nutrition buffet mode, blood uric acid, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly delined. Conclusion Compared to the traditional buffet mode, precision nutrition buffet mode is better in securiong a balance dietary intake. The precision nutrition buffet mode is worthy of promotion and application.

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders. Zinc is the only identified endogenous ligand for G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) to date. GPR39 is widely distributed in the nervous system. Recent studies have shown a close association between zinc and its receptor GPR39 and depression. Abnormal expression and functional changes of GPR39 can affect neurotransmitter balance and neural plasticity, thereby influencing the development of depression. Agonists of GPR39 have shown certain potential application value in the prevention and treatment of depression.

Objective To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of sodium butyrate (NaB) on dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice. Methods Thirty-eight 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, NaB (500 mg/(kg·d) ig) group and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) group (150mg/(kg·d )ig). NaB administration commenced 3 days before DSS induction and continued throughout the experimental period. During molding with DSS, the control group received sterile water, while the other three groups were given 2.5% DSS for 6 days and followed by sterile water until sacrifice. On day 7, mice were euthanized for colon length measurement and tissue weight analysis. The body weight, disease activity index (DAI) and colon length among different groups were compared. Colon pathology was evaluated via HE staining, and the number of goblet cells in the colon was observed after AB-PAS staining. To assess the degrees of ferroptosis, GSH, Fe2+, MDA levels and SOD activity were measured. The WB method was used to detect the expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11 and the phosphorylation levels of ERK and STAT3. IHC was used to detect the expression level of GPX4. Results Compared to the control group, the model group exhibited significant weight loss (P<0.001), elevated DAI (P<0.001), and shortened colon length (P<0.001). HE staining showed colon cell infiltration, shallow crypt, disappeared villi structure. The AB-PAS staining showed that the number of goblet cells was decreased. Meanwhile, both decreased expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11(P<0.05, P<0.05) and suppressed phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3 (P<0.05, P<0.05) indicated that ERK and STAT3 phosphorylation were inhibited and ferroptosis occured. Compared to the model group, the NaB group displayed reduced DAI (P<0.01), increased colon length (P<0.001). HE staining showed that colon structure was recoved AB-PAS staining indicated increased goblet cells. GSH level and SOD activity were increased (P<0.01, P<0.01), while MDA and Fe2+ levels decreased significantly (P<0.01, P<0.01). GPX4 and SLC7A11 protein expressions were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3 was significantly enhanced (P<0.05, P<0.05). Conclusion Sodium butyrate may play a protective role in inflammatory bowel disease through ERK and STAT3 phosphorylation and ferroptosis inhibition.

Objective To investigate the protective action and molecular mechanisms of fucoxanthin (Fx) on cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice. Methods Fifty mice were divided into a control group (n = 10) and an experimental group (n = 40). The experimental group received an intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (7 mg/kg) once per week for four consecutive weeks to induce kidney injury. The experimental group was then further divided into four subgroups: model group, positive drug amifostine group (10 mg/kg), low-dose Fx group (50 mg/(kg·d)), and high-dose Fx group [100 mg/(kg·d)]. The normal and model groups received a standard diet, while the other three groups underwent respective interventions for another four weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed to measure serum levels of creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA). Oxidative enzyme activity, inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as kidney injury markers kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were assessed in kidney tissues. Histopathological changes in the kidney were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expressions of oxidative stress-related nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) family members and ferroptosis-related glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) proteins. Immunohistochemistry was also used to observe Nrf2 and GPX4 protein levels in kidney tissues. Results Fx intervention reduced serum CRE, BUN, and UA levels in mice, decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in the kidney, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and lowered KIM-1 and NGAL levels. Renal histopathological changes were also improved. Additionally, Fx increased the expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and GPX4 proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Fx treatment led to increased Nrf2 and GPX4 protein expression in kidney tissues. Conclusion Fx protests against cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice. The mechanism may involve alleviation of inflammation and oxidative stress, and inhibition of ferroptosis via activation of the Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway.

Objective To explore the effect of different acute high-altitude exposure durations on appetite and intestinal flora in mice. Methods Thiry SPF C57BL/6J male mice aged 7-8 weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups, with 10 mice in each group: plain control group (group P), acute plateaus 1 day group (group G1), and acute plateaus 7 days group (group G7). Among them, Group G7 was transferred to the plateau environment simulation cabin (simulated altitude of 5 000 m) immediately after the experiment began until the experiment ended. Group P was fed in the plain animal house. Group G1 was fed in the plain animal house for 3 days, and then transferred to the simulated cabin of plateau environment (simulated altitude of 5 000 m) for 1 day. During the experiment, the body weight and food intake were recorded every day. At the end of the environmental simulation, feces samples were collected into freezing tube, and blood samples were collected from orbital vein and serum was separated. The contents of NPY and PYY in the serum were determined by ELISA kits. After DNA extraction from mouse feces samples, the V3-V4 region in the variable region of 16S rDNA was selected for PCR amplification, DNA sequencing analysis and functional classification annotation. Results The acute plateaus exposure obviously inhibited the appetite of mice, and at the same time caused the weight loss. After entering the plateau, serum content of PYY increased and the NPY decreased. Among them, there was a significant difference between the group G1 and the group P (P<0.05). The low-pressure hypoxia exposure affected the composition of intestinal flora diversity in mice. The relative abundance of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium decreased, while the relative abundance of Enterococcus increased. The functional annotation results of COG gene showed that the functional characteristics of carbohydrates, amino acids and energy metabolism in the intestinal flora were increased. Rapid entry into the plateau environment adversely affected the generation and transformation of energy in intestinal flora and the expression of related genes such as biosynthesis, transport and catabolism of secondary metabolites. Conclusion Acute high-altitude exposure significantly suppresses the appetite and affected the composition of intestinal flora diversity.

As dietary structure changes, obesity has become increasingly prominent in China. The article summarized the current prevalence of obesity in China, changes in dietary patterns, and the relationships between them. The main dietary patterns in China included traditional dietary patterns (northern pattern, southern pattern), Eastern healthy diet pattern, westernized characteristics dietary patterns (modern dietary pattern, meat pattern), vegetarian pattern, and lacto-ovo-vegetarian pattern. Among them, modern dietary pattern and meat pattern were associated with an increased risk of obesity, whose increasing consumption trend was potentially a major factor contributing to the obesity epidemic in China. Southern dietary pattern and Eastern healthy diet pattern were negatively associated with the risk of obesity, which may improve the obesity problem among Chinese adults.

In recent years, an increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was noted worldwide. Many factors were closely related to the occurrence and development of T2DM, among which the role of vitamin D has attracted more and more attention. At present, the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and T2DM has become a hot topic. This article reviews the research progress in the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and T2DM and the possible mechanisms involved, so as to provide some new ideas for the prevention and treatment of T2DM and its complications.

Objective To investigate the effects of high-protein diet on urinary metabolome in rats with food restriction. Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (8 per group). The normal control group received 15% casein diet and water ad-libitum. The food restriction group was pair-fed the 15% casein diet with 30% food intake of the normal control. The protein supplemented group was pair-fed 30% casein diet with the 30% food intake of the normal control. Urine samples were collected 2 weeks after pair feeding. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer was used to investigate the changes of urinary metabolite profiles. Results Both food restriction and protein supplemented groups significantly altered the urinary metabolites. Food restriction led to a decrease in the levels of citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, N-acetyl glycoprotein and an increase in the level of taurine in the urine, while the levels of citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and N-acetyl glycoprotein were higher in the protein supplemented group than in the food restriction group, and the level of taurine was also higher than in the food restriction group. Conclusion A high-protein diet is helpful in improving metabolic disorders in the food restricted rats.

Objective To explore the mechanism by which maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy impairs placental development and leads to fetal growth restriction by regulating PAR1 expression. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats aged four weeks were randomly allocated into two groups according to their body weight, with 10 rats in each group: the control group (Ctrl), fed a standard diet, and the vitamin D deficiency group (VDD), fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. After 8 weeks of feeding, the rats were mated with normal male SD rats. On day 18 of gestation, both groups of female rats were euthanized under anesthesia, and samples were collected for detection of relevant indicators via ELISA and Western blot analysis. Results Before pregnancy and on gestational day 18 (GD18), the serum 25(OH)D concentrations in the Ctrl group were (20.37 ± 5.03) ng/ml and (9.09 ± 2.96) ng/ml, respectively, while in the VDD group, they were (13.62 ± 4.55) ng/ml and (5.34 ± 1.63) ng/ml, respectively. The serum 25(OH)D levels in the VDD group were significantly lower than those in the Ctrl group both before pregnancy and on GD18 (P<0.01 or P<0.05). On GD18, the weight gain during pregnancy in the VDD group was significantly lower than that in the Ctrl group (P<0.01). Compared to the Ctrl group, the protein expression levels of VDR, DBP, and CYP27B1 in the placental tissue of the VDD group were significantly downregulated (P<0.01), and the levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)₂D were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The placental diameter and weight in the VDD group were significantly lower than those in the Ctrl group (P<0.01). The expression levelof MMP2 protein was significantly downregulated (P<0.05), while the expression level of E-cadherin protein was significantly upregulated (P<0.05). The number of embryo implantations, live fetuses, embryo weight, and crown-rump length in the VDD group were significantly lower than those in the Ctrl group (P<0.01), and the number of resorbed fetuses was significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared to the Ctrl group, the expression level of PAR1 protein in the placenta of the VDD group was significantly downregulated (P<0.01). Conclusion Maternal vitamin D deficiency during gestation significantly downregulates placental PAR1 expression, leading to placental developmental disorders and fetal growth retardation.

Objective To explore the effects of manganese supplementation on lung inflammation in obese asthmatic mice exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) and to provide new insights for clinical treatment. Methods Sixty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups: control group (CON), obesity group (HF), asthma group (OVA), obese asthma group (HF+OVA), and obese asthmatic manganese intervention group (Mn, hereinafter referred to as the Mn intervention group), with 12 mice in each group. Groups HF, HF+OVA, and Mn were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks, and the other two groups were fed a control diet. Mice in the OVA, HF+OVA, and Mn intervention groups were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of 200 μl of 0.05 mg/ml OVA sensitization solution on the first day of the 9th, 10th, and 11th weeks. On the 12th week, mice were treated by nasal drip 50 μl of 0.05 mg/ml OVA saline solution for 3 consecutive days to induce asthma. During the feeding period of high-fat diet, the Mn intervention group received 1 mg/kg MnCl2 intranasally every two days to induce asthma. After the last nasal drip exposure, asthmatic behavioral changes were observed and airway hyperresponsiveness was measured. Body weight was measured every fortnight during the modeling period, body composition was measured after 12 weeks. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in lung tissues. White blood cells in mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted and classified. The Mn contents in the serum and lung tissues were detected, and the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in BALF were analyzed. Results Compared with the CON group, the mice in the HF group gained 12.4% in body weight, while the HF+OVA group gained 23.2%. The body fat ratios increased by 46.1% and 67.7% in the HF and HF+OVA groups, indicating the obesity model was successfully constructed. The mice in the OVA and HF+OVA groups showed symptoms such as nose scratching and nodding breathing, with increased airway hyperresponsiveness, indicating that the asthma model was established. Significant pathological changes were observed in the lung tissue of asthma mice, with an increased number of inflammatory cells and elevated levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. These symptoms were more pronounced in HF+OVA mice (P0.05). Compared with the HF+OVA group, mice in the Mn intervention group showed a 17.9% reduction in body weight and a 27.4% reduction in body fat ratio. Meanwhile, asthma symptoms were mitigated, airway hyperresponsiveness decreased, and pathological damages to lung tissues reduced. The number of inflammatory cells was decreased, and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α levels declined (P0.05). Conclusion Mn supplementation protects against inflammatory responses in the lungs of obese asthmatic mice, and its mechanism is related to inhibited inflammatory responses.

Objective To explore the effects of curcumin combined with aerobic exercise on hepatic steatosis in rats and the possible mechanisms. Methods Fifty 5 w old male SD rats were randomly divided into control group (regular diet+no special exercise intervention, group C), model group (high-fat diet+no special exercise intervention, group M), curcumin group (high-fat diet+curcumin+no special exercise intervention, group Cu), aerobic exercise group (high-fat diet+aerobic exercise, group A), and combination group (high-fat diet+curcumin+aerobic exercise, group CuA). Animal model of hepatic steatosis was established by feeding a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. After two weeks of high-fat diet feeding, oral administration of curcumin (400 mg/(kg · d), 5 ml/kg) and/or 70% VO_2max aerobic exercise were carried out for six weeks. Rats were euthanized 24 hours after the last exercise, and blood and liver samples were collected. After staining with Oil Red O and Hematoxylin Eosin, observation of lipid deposition, liver tissue morphology, and degree of lipid degeneration in the liver under an optical microscope, observation of autophagosome morphology and quantity in liver cells under a transmission electron microscope. The serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) contents were detected by a biochemical analyzer. Western blotting was used to determine the protein levels of sirtuin1 (SIRT1), forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), acetylated forkhead box O1 (Ac-FoxO1), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), sequestosome 1 protein (P62) and autophagy related protein 7 (ATG7). Results Compared with the M group, the body weight and serum ALT and AST levels of the rats in the Cu, A, and CuA groups were significantly reduced (P<0.01). The number of autophagosomes in the liver was increased, with a significant improvement in lipid deposition in the liver. Hepatic steatosis grading score, lobular inflammation score and the NAFLD activity score (NAS), Ac-FoxO1 and P62 protein expression levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The protein expression levels of SIRT1 and ATG7, as well as the LC3-II/LC3-I protein expression ratio, were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the protein expression level of FoxO1 showed no significant change (P>0.05). The ratio of Ac-FoxO1/FoxO1 protein expression was significantly reduced in the CuA group (P<0.01), while there was no significant difference in the Cu and A groups (P>0.05).The 2×2 factorial analysis showed that curcumin and aerobic exercise had significant interactive actions on serum ALT and AST levels, hepatic steatosis grading score and NAS scores, as well as liver P62, ATG7, SIRT1, Ac-FoxO1 protein expression. Conclusion Curcumin combined with aerobic exercise can improve liver steatosis and liver injury by promoting FoxO1 deacetylation via activating SIRT1 signaling pathway, inducing autophagy in rats, and the two have a synergistic effect, with joint intervention having a better effect.

Objective To investigate the potential association between maternal total fluid intake at 3 months of infant age and breastfeeding practices and duration. Methods The study was embedded in the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort. Information on total fluid intake for postpartum women was collected via telephone interviews at 3 months of infant age. Total fluid intake was categorized by quartiles. Information on breastfeeding practices and duration was collected via telephone interviews at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of infant age. Breastfeeding practice was divided into full breastfeeding (FBF) and any breastfeeding (ABF). Logistic and multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the association of total fluid intake with breastfeeding practices and duration. Results Among 2483 postpartum women-infants, 1350 (54.4%) and 966 (38.9%) received FBF at 3 and 6 months of infant age, respectively, and 2056 (82.8%), 1774 (71.4%), and 646 (36.8%) received ABF at 3, 6, and 12 months of infant age, respectively. The medium (interquartile range) of total fluid intake was 1600 ml (1250-2000 ml). About 2352 (94.7%) did not meet the recommended intake (2600ml). Compared to the mothers with the highest quartile of total fluid intake, those with the lowest quartile of total fluid intake were more likely to cease FBF at 3 months (OR=3.87; 95% CI = 3.03–4.96) and at 6 months (OR=3.05; 95% CI=2.38–3.92) of infant age, and to cease ABF at 12 months of infant age (OR=1.67; 95% CI=1.28–2.17). However, among mother-infants who received FBF at 3 months of infant age, fluid intake at 3 months of infant age was not significantly associated with breastfeeding practices at 6 and 12 months of infant age. Additionally, compared to the mothers with the highest quartile of total fluid intake, those with the lowest quartile of total fluid intake were more likely to cease breastfeeding early (adjusted β=－1.22; 95% CI=－1.85–0.58). Conclusion The postpartum women with lower total fluid intake were more likely to cease breastfeeding. Short duration of breastfeeding was positively associated with limited total fluid intake in postpartum women.

Objective To design and develop a national nutrition and health assessment system. Methods By integrating the “Internet +” and cloud platform technology, smart mobile terminal of mobile phones and PAD, mini APP, auxiliary measurement and wearable devices, the national nutrition and health assessment system was developed. Results This system includes a management platform, a professional version of a dietary survey APP, a dietary assistance survey mini program, and a home nutrition and health monitoring APP. The management platform includes system management, project management, questionnaire management, dietary survey, physical examination, laboratory examination, physical activity survey, electronic questionnaire survey, data quality control, statistical analysis, individual evaluation, educational management and so on. The surveyed subjects can record their dietary information in real-time through a dietary assistance survey mini program, and the dietary information will be synchronized to the professional version of the dietary survey APP automatically to reduce recall errors. Data such as blood pressure, blood sugar and exercise are automatically transmitted through sphygmomanometer, blood glucose meter and kitchen scale, etc. Conclusion This system provides a tool for high-quality and refined implementation of nutritional health surveys, which can reduce dietary survey time, decrease recall errors, provide image references for professional investigators to estimate food weight, and improve survey efficiency and effectiveness.

Objective To explore the effects of mother's dietary quality in the second and third trimesters on infancy neuropsychological development in order to provide evidence for reasonable dietary guidance among pregnant women. Methods Based on Xuanwei prospective prenatal cohort study in Yunnan, infant follow-up was conducted from alive birth to 1-year age. The dietary quality of pregnant women was evaluated by dietary balance index-pregnancy (DBI-P) based on dietary intakes obtained by 3-day 24-hour food recall and food frequency questionnaires in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy from the Xuanwei study. Infants' neurodevelopment was assessed by Bayley Scales of infant and Toddler Development‑Third Edition (BSID-III). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted on the associations between DBI-P in the 2nd and 3rd trimester pregnancy and neurodevelopment of children aged 1 year. Results A total of 409 mother-infant pairs were involved in the analysis. The means of high bound scores (HBS) in the second and third trimesters were 4.77 ± 0.27 and 4.11 ± 0.24 respectively, mainly in suitable and almost suitable status. The means of low bound scores (LBS) were 25.60 ± 0.49 and 26.55 ± 0.51, respectively, showing a low and moderate dietary imbalances. The diet quality distance (DQD) scores were 30.37 ± 0.41 and 30.67 ±0.43 respectively, mainly in low dietary imbalances. The proportions of children with developmental delay in cognitive, language, motor, social emotional, and adaptive behavior development were 8.31%, 21.62%, 17.08%, 5.62%, and 31.49%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that low and moderate imbalance of HBS in the 2nd trimester increased the risk of infancy motor developmental delay (OR=2.52, 95%CI: 1.10, 5.76;OR=7.31, 95%CI: 2.38, 22.44). Meanwhile,low imbalance of HBS in the 2nd trimester increased the risk of infancy adaptive behavior developmental delay (OR=1.95, 95%CI: 1.01, 3.74). Conclusion The dietary quality of rural women in Yunnan during the mid and late pregnancy was mainly low or moderate imbalance. Low and moderate imbalanced dietary with excessive intake of cereal, meat and poultry in the mid pregnancy delayed infancy development in motor and adaptive behavior.

Objective To investigate the effect of curcumin on sleep disorder in mice exposed to confined environmental conditions. Methods Thirty-six male KM mice were randomly assigned to the control group (CON), model group (M), and curcumin group (J). The CON group was kept under the usual conditions in the animal house. The M group and J group were restrained for 4h in a biorhythm box under the altered light condition. The light condition in one cycle was as follows: the light time was opposite to that of the CON group in the first 3d, and returned to the normal from the 4th to the 6th. Group J was given 100 mg/ (kg·bw) curcumin by gavage daily, group con and M was given an equal amount of saline.The experiment lasted for 30 d. The mice were injected intraperitoneally with sodium pentobarbital to induce sleep, and the sleep latency and duration were recorded. Finally mice were sacrificed and the serum and hypothalamus tissues were taken. The contents of cortisol (CORT), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in serum and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in hypothalamus tissues were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expressions of hypothalamus-associated clock genes were detected by RT-qPCR. Results The results of the sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep test showed that curcumin significantly shortened sleep latency (P<0.01) and prolonged sleep time (P<0.01). Meanwhile curcumin significantly reduced serum CORT, ACTH, and CRH levels compared with the group M (P<0.01, P<0.05). In the hypothalamus-related neurotransmitters, 5-HT content was significantly increased (P<0.01) and DA content was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in group J compared with group M. Curcumin could regulate the expressions of biorhythmic genes (Clock, Bmal1, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, Rev-erbα/β) in the hypothalamus. Conclusion Curcumin improves sleep disorder by modulating the expression of related biorhythmic genes and altering related serum hormones and hypothalamic neurotransmitters.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of heat acclimation on hyperthermia-induced liver injury in mice and the associated changes in the kynurenine pathway in the liver. Methods (1) The heat acclimation (HA) model was constructed. Thirty-six male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups control group(Ctrl, not subjected to heatstroke), HA group ( subjected to heat acclimation but not to heatstroke), Ctrl +heat stress (HS )group ( only subjected to HS ) and HA + HS group ( subjected to HA and HS ). Core body temperature was monitored once a week. Blood and liver specimens were collected after four weeks. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were measured. The pathological changes in the liver and survival time under hyperthermia conditions were observated. Untargeted metabolomics was used to analyze hepatic metabolic changes. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) and other metabolites in the hepatic kynurenine pathway (KP) were measured. Real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expressions of the key enzymes in the hepatic KP. Protein immunoblotting was used to detect the corresponding protein levels. (2) The HS model after Kyat2 inhibition was constructed. Thirty-six male C57BL/6J micewere randomly divided into four groups: Ctrl group, Ctrl+HS group, Kyat2 inhibitor PF-04859989 intervention (PF) group, PF+ HS group. The PF and PF+HS groups were injected intraperitoneally with PF-04859989 10mg/kg, and the remaining two groups were injected intraperitoneally with an equal volume of DMSO solution. HS or sampling was initiated 1 h after intervention. Blood and liver specimens were collected from mice 6 h after recovery from HS, and the activities of ALT, AST and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were detected. The survival time under hyperthermia conditions was observated. The expression level of Kyat2 in the liver was detected by Q-PCR. The corresponding protein level was detected by protein immunoblotting. Results (1) Compared with the Ctrl+HS group, serum ALT and AST levels of the HA+HS group were significantly lower, and the survival time was significantly prolonged. Compared with the Ctrl group, the levels of KYNA in the serum and KP metabolites 3-hydroxy-phthalamidobenzoic acid （3-HAA） and pyridinecarboxylic acid（PA） in the liver were significantly higher in the HA group, whereas the levels of KYNA, L-Trp, and L-kyn in the liver were significantly lower. The expressions of Afmid、Kynu and Kmo were higher than Ctrl, whereas the expression of Kyat2 enzyme in the liver was significantly lower. (2) Compared with the Ctrl group, there were no significant differences in serum ALT, AST, LDH and survival time in the PF group. Compared with the Ctrl+HS group, the PF+HS group displayed significantly prolonged survival time, and serum ALT, AST, and LDH were significantly reduced. Conclusion Tryptophan metabolism through KP was enhanced in the liver of heat-acclimated mice. Inhibition of kynurenic acid production attenuated hyperthermia-induced liver injury in mice.

Objective To investigate the association of serum ferritin (SF) with glycemic parameters, including fasting glucose, fasting insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, and insulin resistance index. Methods The subjects of the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were stratified by sex and divided into four groups according to the quartile of SF level. Logistic regression was used to study the risk association between SF and glucose metabolism-related indexes, and the dose-response relationship was explored by restricted cubic spline. Results A total of 7271 subjects participants were included in this studyin which 3276 were males and 3995 were females and serum ferritin levels were significantly higher in males than females. In males, the highest SF level group (Q4) had a higher risk of hyperglycemia, glycated hemoglobin abnormalities, and insulin resistance compared with the lowest SF level group (Q1) (Ptrend<0.05) with a linear dose-response association (Poverall<0.05, Pnonlinear>0.05). In females, the highest SF level group (Q4) had a higher risk of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and glycated hemoglobin abnormality compared with the lower SF level group (Q2) (Ptrend<0.05). There was a nonlinear dose-response association between SF and the first three indicaters (Poverall<0.05, Pnonlinear<0.05) and a linear dose-response association with glycated hemoglobin abnormalities (Poverall<0.05, Pnonlinear>0.05). Conclusion There is a dose-response association between SF level and glycemic parameters in Chinese adult. For those with hyperglycemia, it isrecommended that SF should be maintained at a lower level within the current normal range.

Objective To investigate the dietary iodine intake and iodine nutrition status among adults in Han and ethnic minority areas of Guangxi, and to provide a basis for preventing iodine deficiency diseases. Methods Based on ethnic distribution and geographical location, a cross-sectional study method was used to select a total of 679 adults from 5 counties in Guangxi. A household survey was conducted using a 3-day 24-hour dietary review method to investigate dietary intake, and a weighing method to investigate consumption of edible oils and seasonings. Drinking water, salt and random urine samples were collected to detect water iodine, salt iodine and urine iodine levels, respectively. Results The median values of water iodine in Guangxi was 4.0 μg/L. The median of salt iodine was 25.3 mg/kg. The median salt iodine consumption for the Han and minority populations were 23.2 and 25.7 mg/kg, respectively. The difference was statistically significant（Z=–8.088,P=0.000）. The median urinary iodine was 183.7 μg/L. The MUI of the Han and minority populations were 199.3 and 177.5 μg/L, respectively. The difference was statistically significant（Z=–2.205,P=0.027）. The per capita salt intake was（6.4±5.0）g/d, which were（5.6±2.9）and（6.6±5.3）g/d in the Han and minority populations. The difference was statistically significant（t=–2.825, P=0.005）.The median of dietary iodine intake was 144.5 µg/d, which were 151.9 μg/d and 140.0 μg/d in the Han and minority populations. There was no significant difference between them. Food iodine intake was 25.0 µg/d, and contribution rate was 22.4%. Water iodine intake was 5.0 µg/d, and contribution rate was 5.1%. Salt iodine intake was 103.2µg/d, and contribution rate was 72.5 %. There was a significant difference in iodine intake from food and water among different ethnic groups（Z food=–15.035, P food=0.000; Z water=–6.715, P water=0.000）. Of the dietary iodine intake, 14.5% of the participants in this study were less than EAR, 20.6% between EAR and RNI, 63.6% between RNI and UL, and 1.3% higher than UL. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of dietary iodine intake among different ethnic groups（χ²=19.888,P=0.000）. Conclusion The iodine intake and iodine nutrition of adults in Guangxi are at an appropriate level, and iodized salt remains the main dietary source of iodine in iodine deficient areas. Population iodine nutrition monitoring should be continuously conduction, and the amount of iodized salt should be adjusted at appropriate times to ensure a suitable iodine nutrition level for the entire population.

Objective To analyze the correlation between nutrition literacy and food choice among elementary and middle school students in Beijing．MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted from September 2020 to January 2021 using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method among 10000 students from 16 districts of Beijing. The "Nutrition Literacy Questionnaire for School-age Children" was used to collect information on nutrition literacy and "Food Frequency Questionnaire" was filled out to collect information on food intake. Both nutrition literacy and dietary behavior were scored, with the total score of nutrition literacy converted to a percentage. The students who scored more than 80 were defined as having nutrition literacy and were divided into two groups based on their nutrition literacy. The t-test was used to compare their dietary behavior scores, while chi-square test was used to compare the frequencies of various food intake. A multiple linear regression analysis with the eating behavior score as the dependent variable was conducted. Results For students in grades 3-12, only 11.7% had nutrition literacy. In terms of daily food intake, individuals with nutrition literacy had higher proportions of consuming breakfast daily, coarse grains, fruits, vegetables, dark-colored vegetables, dairy products, and soy products at rates of 93.8%, 44.8%, 82.4%, 89.0%, 67.0%, 66.6%, and 21.5% respectively. They also consumed mushrooms or algae, seafood, and animal livers at least once a week at rates of 88.0%, 80.7%, and 41.9% respectively, all of which were higher than those without nutrition literacy. Conversely, the proportions of consuming sugar-sweetened beverage, fried food and western fast food at least once a week were lower among individuals with nutrition literacy at 53.6%, 48.5%, and 40.0% respectively (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the dietary behavior score was positively correlated with nutrition literacy (β=0.277,P<0.001). Conclusion The nutrition literacy levels of the surveyed students were relatively low, and those with higher levels of nutrition literacy usually chose foods in a healthier way.

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum vitamin D (VD) levels and dyslipidemia in children and adolescents. Methods A total of 1873 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years were selected through multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling. Questionnaire surveys and physical examination were performed. Lipid profiles and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured. The association between 25(OH)D levels and dyslipidemia was analyzed using unconditional Logistic regression. Results Serum VD levels were positively correlated with TC and LDL-C concentrations and negatively correlated with TG levels (r_TC=0.167, r_TG=–0.139, r_LDL-C=0.144; All P<0.001). After adjusted for gender, age, region, sleep, moderate-to-high-intensity physical activity, daily outdoor activities, and nutrient supplement intake, logistic regression analysis indicated that those in the lowest quartile (first quartile) had a significantly lower risk of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) abnormalities compared with individuals in the highest quartile of VD levels (fourth quartile) (OR_TC=0.306;95%CI: 0.171-0.549;OR_LDL-C=0.287;95%CI: 0.151-0.545). In contrast, individuals in the third quartile of VD levels exhibited a higher risk of triglyceride (TG) abnormalities compared with individuals in the highest quartile of VD levels (fourth quartile) (OR_TG=1.764;95%CI: 1.183~2.632). Conclusion Serum VD has different effects on different lipid components. Lower VD levels are associated with a reduced risk of TC and LDL-C abnormalities but an increased risk of TG abnormalities.

Objective To examine the effects of yeast β-glucan intervention on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to explore the potential mechanisms. Methods Patients aged 50 to 80 years in Shiyan City were randomly assigned to the intervention group (yeast β-glucan, 1 g/d) or the placebo group (maltodextrin, 1 g/d) for 6 months. Global cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scale, and specific cognitive functions were evaluated using the clock drawing test (CDT), digit span test (DST), trail making test (TMT), verbal fluency test (VFT), and digit symbol substitution test (DSST). Besides, basic questionnaire, 3-day 24-hour dietary recall, BMI, SBP, DBP, APOE ε2/ε3/ε4, FPG, insulin, HbA1C, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, ALT, AST, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, NK cells and CRP were performed or detected. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to analyze the intervention effects. Results A total of 115 patients with MCI, aged 63.7±8.7 years, completed the intervention. Compared to the placebo group, MoCA scores in the intervention group remarkably increased by 1.45 points (95% CI 0.71 to 2.18, P6 month<0.001) after 6 months of yeast β-glucan supplementation, with a significant time×group interaction effect (P for interaction=0.006). Additionally, CDT scores also improved significantly at 6 months (P6 month=0.007), whereas no significant between-group differences were observed in other single cognitive domains. Yeast β-glucan supplementation could significantly increase the absolute counts of B cells (P3 month=0.002, P6 month=0.005, P for interaction=0.013) and CD4+ T cells (P6 month=0.030). Moreover, the absolute count of lymphocytes significantly increased at 3 months (P3 month=0.004), but gradually declined at 6 months (P6 month=0.079, P for interaction=0.045). Nevertheless, CRP showed no significant between-group difference after the intervention. Conclusion Yeast β-glucan could significantly improve cognitive function in patients with MCI, which may be related to immune regulation.

Objective To investigate whether calcium supplementation at different times of the day affects myocardial health, providing a scientific basis for calcium supplementation. Methods Sixty SPF-grade female ICR mice were divided into four groups: morning control (MC), evening control (EC), morning calcium supplementation (MS), and evening calcium supplementation (ES). The calcium-supplemented groups were fed a 0.15% calcium diet and orally administered 6.75 g/(kg·d) of calcium carbonate solution, while the control groups were fed a 1.5% calcium diet and given an equal volume of water. After 10 weeks, the mice were euthanized, and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cardiac troponin (cTNT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and calcium kinetics were measured. The heart-to-body weight ratio was calculated, and cardiac pathology was assessed via histopathological staining. Transcriptome sequencing, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and Western blot were performed to analyze changes in myocardial-related gene and protein expression. Results Compared with the ES group, the MS group exhibited a significantly increased heart-to-body weight ratio (P<0.01). Both MS and ES groups showed elevated serum MDA levels (P<0.05), with a more pronounced increase in the MS group, while SOD activity tended to decrease in the MS group. Serum TNF-α, cTNT, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the MS group (P<0.05). Histopathological analysis revealed disordered myocardial cell arrangement, hypertrophic nuclei, inflammatory cell infiltration, and necrosis in the MS group. Differentially expressed genes between morning and evening calcium-supplemented groups were primarily enriched in the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and calcium signaling pathways. RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses demonstrated that, compared with the ES group, the MS group exhibited upregulated expression of Gadd45b and Plcb4 and downregulated expression of Cacna1g. Conclusion Morning calcium supplementation activates oxidative stress, exacerbates inflammation, and promotes myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac injury.

Objective To investigate the mechanisms through which vitamin D (VD) deficiency exacerbates myocardial injury in diabetic mice. Methods Male 6-week-old db/m and db/db mice were randomly divided into four groups based on body weight and fasting blood glucose levels (n=8 per group): control group (Con), vitamin D deficiency control group (def-Con), model group (DM), and vitamin D deficiency model group (def-DM). All mice were fed for a duration of 17 weeks, with the def-Con and def-DM groups mice receiving a vitamin D-deficient diet. Serum glucose, lipid profiles, and CK-MB levels were measured. Myocardial histopathological changes were detected using HE staining. Cardiac function was assessed via echocardiography. Protein expression levels associated with the NOX4/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and pyroptosis in cardiac tissue were determined by Western blotting. Results Compared with the Con group, DM mice exhibited significant increases in body weight and food intake, alongside notable reductions in the heart weight/body weight ratio, and elevated serum glucose and lipid levels (P<0.05). Moreover, compared to the DM group, the def-DM group displayed further increases in body weight and food intake, additional reductions in the heart weight/body weight ratio, and higher serum lipid levels (P<0.05), with no significant disparity in serum glucose levels (P>0.05). Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was significantly pronounced in the DM group when compared to the Con group, accompanied by substantial reductions in cardiac LVEF and LVFS (P<0.05). The def-DM group displayed exacerbated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and decreased cardiac LVEF and LVFS when compared to the DM group (P<0.05). Notably, the expression levels of NOX4/NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis-related proteins were significantly elevated in the cardiac tissues of mice in the DM group compared to the Con group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the def-DM group presented further elevation in the expression levels of these proteins in cardiac tissues compared to the DM group (P<0.05). Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency may aggravate myocardial pyroptosis injury in diabetic mice by activating the NOX4/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

Objective To elucidate the potential protective effects of PQQ against diabetic liver damages and its underlying mechanisms. Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10), including control group, DM group, DM+ PQQ low dose group, DM+ PQQ medium dose group and DM+ PQQ high dose group. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used by intraperitoneal injection to develop type 1 diabetes. Following successful modeling, mice were treated with daily oral administration of low dose (10 mg/kg), medium dose (20 mg/kg), and high dose (40 mg/kg) of PPQ for a duration of 12 weeks. The changes of body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Histopathological alterations of liver tissue were examined using HE staining. Additionally, liver damage-associated blood biochemical markers and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed utilizing commercial reagent kits. The expressions of (nucleotide binding oligomer-rization domain-like pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-related proteins were detected by Western blot analysis. Results Treatment with a dosage of 40 mg/(kg·d ) PQQ significantly decreased fasting blood glucose levels and liver injury-related enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activites, reduced serum levels of inflammatory factors interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzyme SOD and GSH content in the liver. Histopathological analysis also demonstrated that PQQ exhibited hepatoprotective effects. Western blot analysis revealed that PQQ substantially downregulated the expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway proteins including NLRP3, thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), apoptosis- associated speck - like protein containing a CARD (ASC), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1), caspase-1 cut as well as IL-1β and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Conclusion PQQ significantly protects against diabetic liver damages in mice by enhancing antioxidant function and inhibiting NLRPS inflammasome signaling pathway.

Objective To study the effect of dihydromyricetin (DHM) on memory impairment induced by hypobaric hypoxia and its mechanism. Methods Fourty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into normoxia group (NOR), normoxia plus dihydromyricetin group (NOR+DHM), hypoxia group (HYP) and hypoxia dihydromyricetin group (HYP+DHM), with 12 rats in each group. A hypobaric oxygen chamber was used to simulate hypobaric hypoxia environment equivalent to altitude 6000 m. The rats in the HYP group and HYP+DHM group were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia environment for 23 hours every day. The NOR+DHM and HYP+DHM groups were given 100mg/(kg·d) DHM by gavage, and the NOR group and HYP group were given the same volume of distilled water as the control group. All rats were tested for their memory ability after hypobaric hypoxia using the Morris water maze probe test. After the second probe test, the brains of the rats were further analyzed. The ultrastructure changes of synapse in the hippocampus were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The expressions of synaptic structure-related proteins and BDNF signaling pathway proteins were detected and analyzed by Western blots. Results The rats in the HYP group spent significantly less time and path length in the target quadrant than those in the NOR group (P<0.05), while the rats in the HYP+DHM group spent significantly more time and path length in the target quadrant than those in the HYP group. The observation by transmission electron microscope showed that the postsynaptic density of neurons in hippocampal CA1 region in the HYP group was thinner and less, and the mitochondria of the neurons were larger and swollen with vacuolar structure and partial loss of ridge structure was observed. The postsynaptic density was thicker in the HYP+DHM group than that in the HYP group, and the mitochondrial ridge structure was clearer than that in in the HYP group. Western blots analysis showed that compared with the NOR group, the expressions of PSD95 and SYP in the HYP group were decreased (P<0.05), while the expressions of PSD95 and SYP in the HYP+DHM group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the NOR group, the protein expression levels of BDNF and TrkB in the HYP group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and Akt in the HYP group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). After DHM intervention, the protein expression levels of BDNF and TrkB and the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and Akt in the HYP+DHM group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion Acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia can impair memory ability. DHM can protect the synaptic structure and morphology of hippocampal neurons via the BDNF signaling pathway, and effectively alleviate memory impairment induced by hypobaric hypoxia exposure.

Objective To explore the relationship between dietary macronutrient energy supply ratio and cognitive decline, so as to provide a scientific basis for dietary guidance for cognitive decline prevention in Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults. Methods Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) database from 1997 to 2006, adults aged 55-89 years who had completed at least one cognitive function test were included through multistage stratified cluster random sampling method. Individuals with abnormal energy intake were excluded. The dietary energy intake, carbohydrate energy ratio, fat energy ratio, and protein energy ratio were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the macronutrient energy supply ratio and cognitive decline. Additionally, the relationship between macronutrient energy supply ratio and cognitive decline was further examined using limiting restricted cubic spline (RCS). Results A total of 10,689 participants were included in this study. After adjusting for covariates, those with higher carbohydrates to energy ratios (carbohydrate%E) had a higher risk of cognitive decline than those with lower carbohydrate%E (OR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.03-1.94). The risk of cognitive decline was lowest in the population with moderate fat to energy ratio (fat%E) (OR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.71-0.99). People with higher protein to energy ratios(protein%E) had a lower risk of cognitive decline (OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.63-0.89). The results in the RCS curves showed that there was a linear relationship between carbohydrate%E or protein%E and cognitive decline (P non-linear>0.05), and a nonlinear relationship between fat%E and cognitive decline (P non-linear <0.05). The risk of cognitive decline was the lowest in the subjects when fat%E was 34.65%. Conclusion In the middle-aged and elderly adults of CHNS, carbohydrate%E is related to higher risk of cognitive decline, and protein%E is related to lower risk of cognitive decline. A high-fat diet with a fat energy ratio of 34.65% is related to the lowest risk of cognitive decline.

Objective To investigate the iodine nutritional status of childbearing aged, pregnant and breastfeeding in Fujian Province, and analyze its influencing factors, to provide some scientific guidance for precision iodine supplementation. Methods A total of 1452 women of childbearing age, 2749 pregnant women and 1397 lactating women were selected by a multi-stage stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire survey was conducted. Salt samples were collected from their households to detect salt iodine, and urine samples to detect urinary iodine. The χ² test and multivariate logistic regression model were used to analyze the demographic characteristics and factors affecting the iodine nutrition level. Results The consumption rates of qualified iodized salt for women of childbearing age, pregnant women and lactating mothers were 89.9%, 92.5% and 93.4%, and the median urinary iodine concentrations were 128.9, 130.2 and 106.0μg/L, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that women of childbearing age in coastal areas, pregnant women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, and coastal areas, and lactating mothers with exclusive breastfeeding, in coastal areas, and consuming non-iodized salt had a higher risk of iodine deficiency ( OR = 1.351; 1.231, 1.389, 1.289; 1.414, 1.313, 2.171, respectively, all P<0.05 ). However, the effects of education level, per capita annual income, urban and rural distribution, and body mass index on the iodine nutrition level among the women were not statistically significant (P>0.05 ). Conclusion The iodine nutrition of women of childbearing age and lactating mothers in Fujian Province is sufficient, while the iodine nutrition of pregnant women is mildly deficient.

Objective To investigate the impact of dietary n-3 PUFAs deficiency on diabetic cognitive function in mice and its underlying mechanisms. Methods 3-week-old male spontaneous diabetic KKay mice were randomly divided into two groups: the n-3 PUFAs normal group (normal n-3 PUFAs content diet, ND) and the n-3 PUFAs deficient group (n-3 PUFAs deficient diet, DD). Body weight and food intake were monitored weekly. One week before the end of this experiment, the fasting blood glucose detection and glucose tolerance tests were performed. Meanwhile, the cognitive function was assessed using the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests. After an 18-week intervention, all mice were euthanized to collect red blood cells, colonic contents and brain tissues. The relative contents of n-3 PUFAs in red blood cell membranes and brain tissues were determined by gas chromatography. The expression levels of oxidative stress-related proteins in the hippocampus were analyzed by Western blotting. Metagenomics and untargeted metabolomics were used to examine the gut microbiota and metabolites in the colonic contents. Results There were no significant differences in body weight and food intake between the ND and DD groups. Compared with the ND group, the DD group developed increased fasting blood glucose level and exacerbated glucose intolerance. The functional studies showed that n-3 PUFAs deficiency reduced the entries into the new arm, recognition index, discrimination ratio and discrimination score. n-3 PUFAs deficiency increased oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Interestingly, n-3 PUFAs deficiency did not lead to a decrease in the brain n-3 PUFAs level, despite the significant reduction in red blood cell membrane n-3 PUFAs level. Metagenomic and untargeted metabolomicanalyses showed significant alterations in the intestinal metabolic composition in the DD group compared to the ND group, with a decreased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. Significant alterations in the pathways of nutrition metabolism were demonstrated. Conclusion Dietary deficiency of n-3 PUFAs exacerbates cognitive dysfunction in diabetic mice possibly by disrupting gut microbiota homeostasis and altering the composition of metabolites.

Objective To explore the association between serum folate and first-onset ischemic stroke (IS), and to investigate the mediating effects of long non-coding RNA ANRIL (lncRNA ANRIL). Methods A case-control study was conducted by descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and mediation analysis on 112 first-ever ischemic stroke patients and 142 healthy controls. The percentile Bootstrap method was used to test the significance of the mediating effects. Results After adjusting for factors such as age, gender, BMI, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia, lncRNA ANRIL levels were found to be associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke (lncRNA ANRIL≥1.64: OR, 5.52; 95% CI: 3.07-10.12). Lower serum folate levels were associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke (folate <7.00 nmol/L: OR, 2.12; 95% CI: 1.15-3.90). Serum folate levels were negatively correlated with lncRNA ANRIL levels (β=–0.26; 95% CI: –0.44-–0.08). Mediation analysis showed that lncRNA ANRIL had a partial mediating effect on the association between serum folate and IS, accounting for 51.27% of the total effect. Conclusion High serum folate level significantly reduces the risk of first-ever IS, while lncRNA ANRIL not only increases the risk of IS but also plays a partial mediating role in the association between serum folate and IS.