Objective: To investigate the effects of circulating microvesicles (MVs) derived from ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods: To establish the IPC model, the rats were subjected to brief cycles of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary occlusion and reperfusion. The blood was drawn from abdominal aorta once the operation was finished. IPC-MVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation from the peripheral blood and characterized by flow cytometry. The myocardial I/R model of rats was established in vivo. Rats were injected via the femoral vein with IPC-MVs at 7 mg/kg. Morphological changes of myocardium were observed microscopically after HE staining. Apoptosis of myocardial cells was detected with TUNEL assay. Myocardial infarct size was detected by TTC staining. Moreover, activity of plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was tested by colorimetry. The activity of caspase 3 in myocardium was assayed with spectrophotometry. Expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax protein were examined with Western blot. Results: The concentration of IPC-MVs, which was detected by flow cytometry, was 4380±745 cells/μl. Compared with I/R group, IPC-MVs alleviated the damage of tissues in I/R injured rats significantly. The myocardial infarct size and the cardiomyocyte apoptotic index were obviously decreased after IPC-MVs treatment (P<0.01, respectively). The activity of plasma LDH was significantly decreased in IPC-MVs treated rats (P<0.01). Moreover, the activity of caspase 3 was markedly decreased after IPC-MVs treatment (P<0.01). In addition, the expression of Bcl-2 was increased (P<0.01), the expression of Bax was decreased (P<0.01), the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was significantly increased after IPC-MVs treatment (P<0.01). Conclusion: IPC-MVs protected myocardial against I/R injury by up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 protein, down-regulating the expression of Bax protein, increasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and decreasing cleavage of caspase 3.

Objective: To investigate the change of apoptosis protein (Caspase 3) expression when RNA binding motif protein 3 (RBM3) overexpression in swine testicle (ST) cell line under cold stress (32℃) condition. Methods: In present study, RBM3 overexpression lentiviral vector (pLenti6/V5-GW/EmGFP-RBM3) and empty viral vector (pLenti6/V5-GW/EmGFP-DEST) with green fluorescent protein (GFP) that were successfully constructed in our laboratory were transfected into ST cells as overexpression virus group (OEV), empty vector virus (EVV) group and establishment of wildtype cell (WTC) group as the control group. The real-time fluorescence quantitative RCR (qPCR) and Western blot were used to detect expression of RBM3 mRNA and protein in each group, then cells in each group were cultured at 37℃ or 32℃ (2 h, 4 h, 8 h), the changes of Caspase 3 expression in each group were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Relative RBM3 gene and protein expression in OEV group were significantly higher than those in EVV group and WTC group. At the temperature of 37℃ and at 32℃ (2 h, 4 h, 8 h) in cold stress experiment, Caspase 3 expression in OEV group was significantly lower than those in EVV group and WTC group. Conclusion: RBM3 overexpression in ST cell line exposured to cold can significantly decreased the level of Caspase 3 expression, this study provides an experimental basis of RBM3 resistance against apoptosis of ST cells induced by low temperature.

Objective: To further study the regulation of hypoxia on Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, we investigate the effect of hypoxia on the effect of cell survival and expression of related proteins in HEK293 cells stably expressing APP695 Swedish mutant^K595N/M596L (HEK293-APP695 cells). Methods: HEK293-APP695 cells were cultured at hypoxia condition (0.3% O2). The survival rate of HEK293-APP695 cells was measured by CCK-8 assay. The protein expression levels of APP, APP-CTFs and BACE1 were detected by Western blot. Results: The survival of HEK293-APP695 cells was obviously decreased after exposed to hypoxia. The expression of APP was reduced, and the expression of APP-CTFs was increased under hypoxia. Conclusion: Our data indicate that hypoxia accelerated cell death of HEK293-APP695 cells by increasing the cleavage of APP and production of β-secretase (β-site amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme1, BACE1).

Objective: To study the changes of colonic permeability and its correlation with TNF-α, NF-κB p65 in indextran sulphate sodium (DSS) -induced ulcerative colitis(UC) of mice. Methods: Forty-eight ICR mice were randomly divided into the control group and the model group. The acute UC model was induced by quantified intragastric administration of 2.5% DSS in mice. The disease activity index(DAI), histopathology scores, colonic permeability, expression of TNF-α, NF-κB p65 in colonic tissue were determined. The change of colonic permeability and its correlation with DAI, TNF-α, NF-κB p65 were analyzed. Results: Compareded with the control group, DAI colonic permeability of colonic tissue,and the expression of TNF-α NF-κB p65 in the model group were increased significantly (P<0.01, P<0.01). The increased colonic permeability correlated with DAI (P<0.01), and the expression of TNF-α(P<0.01), NF-κB p65(P<0.01) changed significantly. Conclusion: The alteration of colonic permeability and increased expression of TNF-α, NF-κB p65 may play important roles in the occurrence and development of UC.

Objective: To investigate the effect of NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin on exercise-induced proteinuria and its related mechanism. Methods: Thirty-two SD rats were randomly divided into the control group (group C), control + drug group (group CA), exhaustive exercise group (group E), exhaustive exercise + drug group (group EA). The rats were administrated apocynin at 10 mg/kg weight,once a day for three days, and one hour after the drug injection, a one-time exhaustive exercise was performed. After exhaustive exercise, urine protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and kidney reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, NOS activity, NOS and 3-NT concentration were detected. Results: In comparison to control group urinary protein (UP), ROS, inductible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 3-NT levels increased significantly in group E while those in group EA did not change. Conclusion: The elevated renal NADPH oxidase activity by exhaustive exercise induced ROS that can rapidly react with NO, and then produces excess peroxynitrite, which contributes to occurrence of exercise-induced proteinuria.

Objective: To study the anti-senile effects of the Fomes officinalis flavonoids on the aging model mice. Methods: All Kun ming mice were randomly divided into six groups, and each group consisted of 12 animals. The groups were categorized as normal, model, positive control groups and low (100 mg/(kg·d)), medium (200 mg/(kg·d)), high (400 mg/(kg·d)) doses of Fomes officinalis flavonoids treated groups. The study was carried out to investigate the cerebral index, spleen index, thymus index, the contents of malondi-aldehyde (MDA) and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in brain tissues as well as the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissues of the aging model mice treated with D-galactose in vivo by subcutaneous injection together with the Fomes officinalis flavonoids at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/(kg·d) for 6 weeks. The normal group was administered with 0.20 ml/10 g of normal saline s.c. and 50 ml/kg of normal saline i.g. daily. Results: Compared with the aging model groups, the three doses of the Fomes officinalis flavonoids could elevate the cerebral index, spleen index, thymus index, activities of GSH-Px in brain tissues, the activities of CAT and SOD in liver tissues to different degree and decrease the contents of MDA. Conclusion: The Fomes officinalis flavonoids might have anti-senile action by improving antioxidant capacity of human body.

Objective: To determine the treatment effectiveness and affecting factors for peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) associated upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) in elderly patients. Methods: Two hundred of thirty-three patients diagnosed as PICC catheter-related upper extremity deep venous thrombosis in our hospital was enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into two groups depending on whether a thrombus recanalization was achieved or not. Data of patients, including general information, past history of diseases, catheter-related information, thrombosis-related information, whether remove the catheter and antithrombotic treatment were recorded and analyzed. Results: Among all the 126 patients with upper extremity deep vein thrombosis, the ratio of patients receiving catheter removal and antithrombotic treatment to those without these treatments was obviously higher in the group where a thrombus recanalization was achieved, compared with the group where a thrombus recanalization wasn't achieved. A higher fraction of patients underwent complete recanalization by catheter removal and antithrombotic treatment compared with the reference group. Conclusion: For patients with PICC-related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis, catheter removal and antithrombotic treatment were found to be more effective. For elderly patients diagnosed with PICC-related thrombosis, we suggest to keep the PICC for further treatment, as long as no infection occurs.

Objective: To investigate the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on atrial physiological parameter and its related mechanisms in atrial fibrillation rats. Methods: Eighty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats which were sensitive to acetylcholine-calcium chloride mixture were randomly divided into four groups:control (CTL), control treated with DHA (DHA), atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial fibrillation treated with DHA (DHA+AF). The duration of atrial fibrillation was measured. The atrial myocyte action potential duration (APD) and TWIK-related acid-sensitive K⁺ channels-1 (TASK-1) currents were recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The expression of TASK-1 at protein level in atrial tissue was detected by Western blot method. Results: Atrial fibrillation of the rats was induced by acetylcholine-calcium chloride mixture, and the duration time of atrial fibrillation was increased with the drug-induced time prolonged. Compared with control group, the time of atrial myocyte action potential duration at 50% repolarization (APD₅₀) and at 90% repolarization (APD₉₀) were significantly shorten in AF group, TASK-1 current density and TASK-1 protein expression were increased (P<0.05). Compared with AF group, the duration of atrial fibrillation was decreased,the time of atrial myocyte APD₅₀ and APD₉₀ were prolonged, TASK-1 current density and protein expression were significantly reduced in DHA+AF group (P<0.05). Conclusion: DHA can prolong the atrial myocyte APD in atrial fibrillation rats, which may be related to down-regulation of TASK-1 protein expression and decreasing TASK-1 current density in atrial tissue.

Objective: To investigate the effect of demethylation of Syk gene promoter by the methylation transferase inhibitor 5-aza-CdR on the invasion and metastasis of medulloblastoma cell line Daoy. Methods: Medulloblastoma cell line Daoy was treated with 5-aza-CdR in vitro. Methylation-specific PCR, real time-PCR and Western blot were used to detect Syk gene promoter methylation status, Syk mRNA and protein expression respectively. Transwell was employed to study the invasion and metastasis of medulloblastoma cell line Daoyby counting the cells that had invaded through Matrigel and migrated to the undersurface of the membrane before and after treatment of 5-aza-CdR. Results: In comparison to control group, Syk gene promoter of 5-aza-CdR-treated groups was demethylated and expression of Syk mRNA and protein was significantly up-regulated by 3.40±0.24 folds (P<0.01) and 3.23±0.19 folds (P<0.01) respectively. The invasiveness and metastasis of medulloblastoma cell line Daoy was decreased(P<0.05). Conclusion: Hypermethylation of Syk gene promoter is responsible for the down-regulation of Syk gene expression in medulloblastoma cell line Daoy, which may be one of the mechanisms that enhanced cell invasion and metastasis. While 5-aza-CdR can reverse the hypermethylation of Syk gene promoter and restore Syk gene expression and thus suppresses invasiveness and metastasis of tumor cells.

Objective: To study the anti-asthmatic effects of Volatile oil of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (VOR, Traditional Chinese Medicine) on asthmatic BALB/c mice and its effect on Th17 cell immuno-activity through IL-17A and RORγt. Methods: After grouping (n=12), the asthmatic BALB/c mice were replicated through injection of ovalbumin (OVA) for sensitization and administration of OVA aerosol for challenge and then, the asthmatic behaviors, respiratory function, lung histopathology as well as levels of IL-17A in serum and retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) in lung tissue were observed after the action of VOR. Results: VOR could maintain normal growth of body weight in asthmatic mice, improve asthmatic behaviors, respiratory function, lung histopathology and, inhibit over-expression of IL-17A and RORγt (P<0.05, 0.01) at 60, 120, 240 mg/kg doses. The combination of VOR and dexamethasone could bring synergistic effects on growth of body weight and expression of IL-17A and RORγt. Conclusion: VOR has significant effects of anti-asthma and one of the mechanisms is to inhibit immune activity of Th17 cell through relieving over-expression of IL-17 and RORγt. Besides, the combination of VOR and glucocorticoid could bring synergistic effects.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Panax NotoginSeng Saponins(PNS) on functional recovery of rats with spinal cord injury (SCI) after exercise. Methods: SD normal rats were randomly divided into normal control group (Normal) and control group (Sham), spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) + panax notoginseng saponins group (PNS) (n=8). All rats were given basso beattie bresnahan motor function score (BBB) and motor evoked potentials (MEP) examination to observe rat hind limb motor function recovery before operation and 1,3,7,14,21,28 days after operation. Results: After operation, the BBB scores of Sham group, PNS group, SCI group were lower than that of normal; MEP amplitude was lower than that of normal group; the incubation time was prolonged compared with that in normal group. In PNS group compared with that in the SCI group, BBB scores at 7,14,21 and 28 days was significantly different(P<0.05). There were significant differences in the latency (Lat) and amplitude(Amp) of MEP within PNA subgroups or between the PNS and the SCI groups at 7,14,21,28 days(P<0.05). Conclusion: PNS can promote the recovery of motor function after SCI in rats.

Objective: In order to provide the experimental basis for the prevention of exercise-induced cardiac injury, we evaluated the effects of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor2(Nrf2) on the changes of cardiac function and electrocardiogram in rats after exhaustive exercise. Methods: SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6):control group (Con), exhaustied exercise group (EE), 6h, 12 h, 24 h recovery from exhaustied exercise group(EER6 EER12 EER24). The animal models of exercise-induced myocardial injury were established according to Thomas' method.Rats were forced to swim until they were exhausted.The electrocardiograms were recorded in conscious rats. Cardiac function of rats was recorded and analyzed by Millar pressure-volume system. The changes of catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxidase(GPX), Nrf2 and reactive oxygen speies(ROS) were detected by ELISA, respectively. Results: ①Compared with the control group and recovery groups(EER6, EER12, and EER24), the heart rate (HR), left ventricular end systolic pressure (Pes), arterial elasticity (Ea), the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dt_max), peak rate of left ventricular pressure decline (-dP/dt_min) and left ventricular end diastolic pressure volume relationship curve slope (ESPVR) in the EE group decreased significantly, while left ventricular end diastolic volume (Ved), Pes, left ventricular end systolic volume (Ves), stroke volume, and Tau value increased significantly. Besides, HR, Pes, dP/dt_max, -dP/dt_min in recovery groups were significantly different with those in EE group, but there had no difference with those in the Con group. ②Compared with the control group, heart rate was increased, QT intervals were prolonged P wave, R wave and ST segments were increased in EE and recovery groups, but the changes of above-mentioned indexes in recovery groups had no statistical significant difference with those in EE group.③ Compared with the control group,the contents of ROS, Nrf2 were increased in EE group, while the content of GPX was decreased. Moreover, the content of CAT in EER6 group was the lowest in all groups. ④ The level of Nrf2 in serum was positively correlated with ROS and -dP/dt_min, and negatively correlated with HR, Ea. The level of ROS in Serum was positively correlated with EF, -dP/dt_min, and was negatively correlated with HR, Ea, dP/dt_max. Conclusion: Exhausted exercise caused changes of cardiac bioelectricity, impaired both the cardiac systolic and diastolic function, especially the diastolic disfunction. However, with recovery time after exhausted exercise prolonged, cardiac systolic and diastolic function recovered gradually, which was related to the reduced oxidative stress levels modulated by the increased Nrf2-induced changes of GPX and CAT.

Objective: To investigate the effect of astragalus injection on the endoplasmic reticulum stress in adriamycin(ADR)-injured cardiomyocytes with calumenin silencing by shRNA. Methods: Firstly, the stable lentiviral calumenin shRNAvector was constructed. Secondly, in vitro cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes were randomly divided into control group、normal group (3 mg/L ADR), lentivirus infection group (lentivirus infection+3 mg/L ADR), Astragalus group 1 (3 mg/L ADR+Astragalus), Astragalus group 2 (lentivirus infection+3 mg/L ADR+Astragalus). The mRNA epression level of calumenin expression and reticulum stress chaperone in GRP78, GRP94 of each group was monitored by real-time PCR. Results: ①Compared with that of the control group, the calumenin mRNA expression in the normal group was reduced(P<0.05), yet its mRNA level in lentivirus the infection group and the Astragalus group 2 was further reduced(P<0.01). Compared with that of the normal group, the mRNA contents of calumenin in the Astragalus group 1 was increased(P<0.05). The expression of calumenin in Astragalus group 2 was increased comparing with lentivirus infection group (P<0.01). ②Compared with that in the control group, the expression of reticulum stress chaperone in GRP78, GRP 94 in lentivirus infection group and normal group was significantly increased (P<0.01); Compared with that in the normal group, the expression of reticulum stress chaperone in GRP78, GRP94 in Astragalus group 1 was reduced(P<0.01); Compared with that in the lentivirus infection group, the expression of reticulum stress chaperone in GRP78, GRP94 in the Astragalus group 2 was obviously decreased(P<0.01). Conclusion: ①Calumenin can alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by ADR-injured myocardial cells. ②Astragalus injection can restrain the endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by adriamycin, which may be achieved by the calumenin protein.

Objective: To observe the effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on glutamate (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp) release and NMDAR1 expression in hippocampus in global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats, and investigate the protective effect and the related mechanism of neurotransmitters. Methods: Fifty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=18):sham group(A), ischemia/reperfusion group(B), dexmedetomidine pretreatment group(C). Total cerebral ischemia model was set up by four vessel occlusion in rats. Glu and Asp levels were measured with microdialysis at different time. Then the animals were decapitated and the brains were immediately removed to detect NMDAR1 expression in hippocampus area by immunohistochemistry and Western-blot. Results: Compared with that in group B, the levels of Glu, Asp and NMDA NR1 protein were significantly decreased in the dexmedetomidine pretreatment group (P<0.05 or 0.01). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine might has a protective effect on hippocampus in global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion animals. The protective mechanism might be involved in inhibiting excitatory amino acids(EAA) release and NMDAR1 expression.

Objective: To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related cysteinyl aspirate specific proteinase-12 (Caspase-12) in lung ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury mice. Methods: Forty C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:sham operation group (sham group),ischemia/reperfusion injury group (I/R group), normal salinecontrol group (NS group), ischemia/reperfusion + dexmedetomidine group (DEX group). Dexmedetomidine was infused intraperitoneally into the mice to stablish situ left pulmonary I/R injury mouse model. In NS group, the isometric dexmedetomidine was replaced by normal saline,other operations were as the same as the DEX group. After reperfusion 3 hours, the lung tissue wet/dry weight (W/D), the total lung water content (TLW) of the left lung tissues were determined. The lung tissue morphology changes were observed by light microscopy and the damage assessment(IQA) was taken. The structure changes and the apoptosis index (AI) of the lung tissues were evaluated by TUNEL method. The protein and mRNA expression of Caspase-12 and grp78 in lung tissues were detected by Western blot and reverse translate-PCR. Results: Compared with the sham group, the W/D, TLW, IQA, AI, lung tissue structure damages, and the expression of Caspase-12 and grp78 protein and mRNA obviously raised both in I/R group and NS group (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Compared with I/R group, the W/D, TLW, IQA, AI of DEX group were all decreased, the demaged lung tissue morphology changes were significantly reduced, the protein and mRNA expression level of Caspase-12 and grp78 in DEX group were decreased (P<0.01). Conclusion: DEX can effectively relieve the lung I/R injuries in mice, which maybe associated with inhibition of pneumocyte apoptosis induced by ERS-related Caspase-12 pathway.

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of xuebijing (XBJ, Traditional Chinese Medicine Complex) injection on cardiac function in rats with myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R) injury. Methods: The isolated langendorff perfused rat heart model was established. One hundred and thirty SD rats were randomly divided into sham group, hypoxia/reoxygenation group, low dose XBJ(XBJ_L) group, middle dose XBJ(XBJ_M) group and high dose XBJ(XBJ_H) group. All groups except sham group were divided into three subgroups according to reoxygenation time(0.5 h,1 h, 2 h) (n=10). In sham group, left ventricular development pressure(LVDP), maximal rates of increase/decrease of the left ventricular pressure(±dp/dt_max), left ventricular pressure (LVP), and heart rates (HR) were recorded after 20 minutes balance perfusion. The creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in myocardium was detected by ELISA. In other groups, after 20 minutes balance perfusion, we perfused ThomasⅡto stop the hearts from beating for 30 minutes, then reperfused the K-H until hearts recover beating. The microstructure of myocardium was observed under light microscopy. LVDP, ±dp/dt_max, LVP and HR were continuously recorded in other four groups and the concentrations of CK-MB in myocardium were measured by ELISA at different time points after reoxygenation. Microstructure of myocardium in each group were observed under light microscopy. Results: LVDP, ±dp/dt_max, LVP and HR of other groups were significantly lower than those of sham group(P<0.05). The levels of CK-MB were higher than that of sham group(P<0.05). LVDP, ±dp/dt_max, LVP and HR of XBJL, XBJM and XBJH groups were higher than those of I/R group at corresponding time points after reoxygenation(P<0.05). The levels of CK-MB were lower than that of I/R group(P<0.05) and the cardiac function was improved. The middle dose of XBJ had the best protective effect. Conclusion: Xuebijing injection can effectively improve cardiac function and structure in rats with myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, and middle dose of XBJ is the best.

Objective: To study the protective effect and the underlying mechanism of trillium tschonoskii maxim (TTM, Traditional Chinese Medicine) on myocardial injury of diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ), which will lay a theoretical foundation for further exploring its pharmacological effect. Methods: SD male rats received high fat diet and STZ (35 mg/kg) via tail vein injection were modeled into diabetic rats, the levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in serum, the contents of superoxide (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX),malondialdehyde (MDA) in cardiac tissues, and cardiac myocyte apoptosis index were tested in all groups after the last administration. Results: Compared with that in the model group, SOD and GPX activities were significantly increased and levels of BNP、cTnI、cardiac weight index (CWI)、apoptosis index (AI) were decreased in TTM and metformin (Met) group. The effects of TTM were better than traditional medicine metformin in enhancing GPX activity and decreasing collagen level. Conclusion: TTM can inhibit myocardial apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress responses in diabetic rats, which can slow down collagen fiber production to protect the myocardial cell injury.

Objective: To explore the protective effects of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) on kidneys of type 1 diabetic rats and its underlying mechanism. Methods: Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:normal control (NC) group, diabetes mellitus (DM) group, DM treatment (NaHS+DM) group and NaHS control (NaHS) group. The rats from DM group and NaHS+DM group were injected intraperitoneally with Streptozotocin 55 mg/kg to induce type 1 diabetes mellitus (n=8). After modeling, rats in NaHS+DM group and NaHS group were intraperitoneally injected with NaHS solution at the dosage of 56 μmol/kg. After 8 weeks, urinary protein content was detected in urine samples collected for 24 h. and the ratio of kidney weight/body weight (renal index) was determined in isolated kidneys. Besides, the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr) were measured biochemically. The morphological changes of renal tissue were observed by HE staining. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Caspase-3 in renal tissue were determined by spectrophotometry. The protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax in renal tissue were detected using Western blot. Results: There was no significant difference in the respective measured indexes in rats between NC group and NaHS group. However, in DM group, the levels of 24 h urinary protein, FBG, BUN, Scr and renal index were increased significantly; HE staining showed that the basement membrane was thickened and the amount of glomerular mesangial matrix was increased; MDA content, Caspase-3 activity and Bax expression levels were increased, while SOD activity and Bcl-2 expression were decreased. Compared with those in DM group, the morphological changes of renal tissue and its function were improved; MDA content, Caspase-3 activity and Bax expression were decreased significantly, while SOD activity and Bcl-2 expression were increased obviously in NaHS+DM group. Conclusion: H₂S can protect the kidneys of type 1 diabetic rats, which is related to suppressing oxidative stress and cell apoptosis.

Objective: To offer a series of efficient methods to physiologists in appropriate selection, and application of statistical techniques. Methods: We bring about two questions as follows:What's the role of statistics in the process of a physiological research? How to make sure the results produced in a physiological research can be repeatable in practice in the long run. From the answers to these two questions, we highlight the importance of the discipline of statistics to research work, explain why it is difficult, how to choose a suitable statistical method in a specific situation, and offer the critical methods to use statistics accurately and appropriately. Results: We abstract three core sections from the discipline of statistics:how to make the design of a study impeccable; How to strictly follow the protocol of a study, and How to draw conclusions well reasoned and strongly supported by evidence. By elaborating these sections, it is feasible to correctly use statistical methods for data analysis and results interpretation. Conclusion: In physiological research, conclusion can stand with time and repeatable in practice only when researchers strictly and rigorously follow the rule of scientific research.