Objective To describe the trends and epidemiological characteristics of the disease burden of nutritional deficiencies in China from 1990 to 2021 and to project the incidence from 2022 to 2040. Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 on the incidence, mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) rates of nutritional deficiencies in China from 1990 to 2021, we analyzed the Annual Percentage Change (APC) and Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) via Joinpoint regression models. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to project incidence rates from 2022 to 2040. Results From 1990 to 2021, the overall incidence rate of nutritional deficiencies in China showed a continuous declining trend, with an AAPC of −4.25%. The age-standardized incidence rate also exhibited a continuous decline, with an AAPC of −3.96%. The mortality rate initially decreased and then increased, but showed an overall downward trend with an AAPC of −3.45%. The age-standardized mortality rate declined overall, with an AAPC of −4.97%. The DALY rate displayed a general downward trend (AAPC = −3.78%), as did the age-standardized DALY rate (AAPC = −4.07%). In 2021, the DALY rate for females was three times that of males, and the age-standardized DALY rate for females was 2.5 times that of males. The disease burden declined most rapidly in the 0-4 age group, with AAPCs for incidence, mortality, and DALY rates of −5.66%, −10.80%, and −7.89%, respectively. Projections from the Bayesian age-period-cohort model indicated that the age-standardized incidence rate in China would decrease from 3205.11 per 100 000 in 2022 to 2331.78 per 100 000 in 2040, representing a reduction of 27.22%. Conclusion The disease burden of nutritional deficiencies in China showed a downward trend from 1990 to 2021. Projections suggest that the age-standardized incidence rates for the overall population, females, and males will continue to decline from 2022 to 2040.

As the aging of the population intensifies, the attention paid to elderly diabetic patients is increasing. The physiological changes brought about by aging are closely related to the onset and progression of diabetes. The clinical manifestations and nutritional needs of elderly diabetic patients differ from those of younger patients. Targeted dietary therapy is of great importance for the management of diabetes in the elderly. We outlines the mechanisms linking aging and diabetes development, elucidates the nutritional and metabolic changes in elderly diabetic patients and focuses on the nutritional therapy for elderly diabetic patients, so as to provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of diabetes in the elderly.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of action of vanillic acid (VA) in regulating osteoclast differentiation and its effect on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Methods In vitro experiment: receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-treated RAW264.7 cells were used to establish an osteoclast differentiation model. The cells were divided into negative control (NC), RANKL- differentiated (Diff), and RANKL plus VA at 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L groups. Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8(CCK8) assay. The osteoclast differentiation was detected by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and immunoblot analysis of osteoclast differentiation-related proteins. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using a 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate（DCFH-DA）probe, and Western blotting was performed to detect nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2(Nrf2), Kelch like epichlorohydrin related protein 1(Keap1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) protein expressions. Additionally, ML385 was used to inhibit Nrf2 expression to evaluate its role in osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress. In vivo experiment: an osteoporosis model was established in OVX mice. The mice were divided into sham, OVX, OVX+estradiol (E2), OVX+VA50 mg/kg, and OVX+VA100 mg/kg (n= 6 per group) groups. Femoral bone structure was analyzed using micro computed tomography（Micro-CT）. Serum RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels were assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, and malondialdehyde (MDA)) were also quantified. Nrf2 expression in femur sections was evaluated immunofluorescently. Results In vitro: VA at concentrations of 1-500 μmol/L was non-toxic to RAW264.7 cells. Osteoclast differentiation, protein expression, and ROS levels were significantly elevated in the Diff group compared to the NC group (P<0.05). VA (200 μmol/L) significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation, decreased protein expression and ROS levels, promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and increased antioxidant enzyme (GCLC, SOD, CAT) expression (P<0.05). These changes were reversed after the inhibition of Nrf2 by ML385 (P<0.05). In vivo: compared to the sham group, OVX mice exhibited significantly reduced femoral structural mass, increased serum RANKL and MDA levels, and decreased serum OPG, SOD, and CAT levels, along with reduced Nrf2 expression (P<0.05). VA (100 mg/kg) treatment significantly improved bone structure, reduced serum RANKL and MDA levels, increased serum OPG, SOD, and CAT levels, and elevated Nrf2 expression compared to the OVX group (P<0.05). Conclusion VA mitigates osteoporosis in OVX mice by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and thereby inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress.

With the accelerating global population aging and the growing burden of chronic diseases, unhealthy lifestyle habits further increase the risk of age-related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Time-restricted eating, a dietary pattern that limits the eating time window without restricting total caloric intake, food variety, and quantities, has been shown to have significant potential for promoting healthy aging. Accumulating evidences indicate that time-restricted eating helps regulate circadian rhythm disturbances caused by long-term unhealthy habits (such as sleep deprivation and irregular eating patterns) and has positive effects on weight management, blood glucose levels, lipid metabolism, cardiovascular health, and cognitive function with high compliance. Although the health benefits of time-restricted eating are widely recognized, further research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects and applicability, so as to provide a solid scientific foundation and practical guidance for promoting healthy aging.

Objective To apply a precision nutrition buffet mode and test its nutritional effects in pilots. Methods A total of 149 pilots were selected as the study subjects. They were served by traditional buffet mode upon admission. A 3-day dietary survey and blood lipids and uric acid measurements were conducted. Then, a precise nutrition buffet mode was adopted. Twenty days later, a 3-day dietary survey was conducted and blood lipids and uric acid were rechecked. Food supply standards, dietary reference intakes and Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI 22) were used to evaluate the quality of dietary nutrition. The differences in blood lipids and uric acid before and after the intervention were analyzed. Results In traditional buffet mode, the intakes of salt, oil, poultry and livestock meat far exceeded the recommended intake. The intakes of many nutrients were excessive. In the precision nutrition buffet mode, the intakes of salt, oil, poultry and livestock meat, as well as many nutrients decreased significantly. High bound score (HBS) of the traditional buffetmode was 14, indicating excessive low-level dietary intake. The HBS of the precision nutrition buffet mode was 7, indicating a more appropriate intake. After the intervention by precision nutrition buffet mode, blood uric acid, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly delined. Conclusion Compared to the traditional buffet mode, precision nutrition buffet mode is better in securiong a balance dietary intake. The precision nutrition buffet mode is worthy of promotion and application.

The prevalence of hyperuricemia in China is rising annually, and the prevention and management of this condition are receiving growing attention. Previous research has established a link between dietary nutrition and hyperuricemia. Based on literature retrieved, we outlined the advancements in research on the relationship between food, nutrients, dietary patterns, and hyperuricemia, aiming to offer a scientific foundation for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia through dietary nutrition.

In recent years, an increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was noted worldwide. Many factors were closely related to the occurrence and development of T2DM, among which the role of vitamin D has attracted more and more attention. At present, the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and T2DM has become a hot topic. This article reviews the research progress in the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and T2DM and the possible mechanisms involved, so as to provide some new ideas for the prevention and treatment of T2DM and its complications.

Objective To investigate the effects of high-protein diet on urinary metabolome in rats with food restriction. Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (8 per group). The normal control group received 15% casein diet and water ad-libitum. The food restriction group was pair-fed the 15% casein diet with 30% food intake of the normal control. The protein supplemented group was pair-fed 30% casein diet with the 30% food intake of the normal control. Urine samples were collected 2 weeks after pair feeding. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer was used to investigate the changes of urinary metabolite profiles. Results Both food restriction and protein supplemented groups significantly altered the urinary metabolites. Food restriction led to a decrease in the levels of citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, N-acetyl glycoprotein and an increase in the level of taurine in the urine, while the levels of citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and N-acetyl glycoprotein were higher in the protein supplemented group than in the food restriction group, and the level of taurine was also higher than in the food restriction group. Conclusion A high-protein diet is helpful in improving metabolic disorders in the food restricted rats.

Objective To explore the mechanism by which maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy impairs placental development and leads to fetal growth restriction by regulating PAR1 expression. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats aged four weeks were randomly allocated into two groups according to their body weight, with 10 rats in each group: the control group (Ctrl), fed a standard diet, and the vitamin D deficiency group (VDD), fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. After 8 weeks of feeding, the rats were mated with normal male SD rats. On day 18 of gestation, both groups of female rats were euthanized under anesthesia, and samples were collected for detection of relevant indicators via ELISA and Western blot analysis. Results Before pregnancy and on gestational day 18 (GD18), the serum 25(OH)D concentrations in the Ctrl group were (20.37 ± 5.03) ng/ml and (9.09 ± 2.96) ng/ml, respectively, while in the VDD group, they were (13.62 ± 4.55) ng/ml and (5.34 ± 1.63) ng/ml, respectively. The serum 25(OH)D levels in the VDD group were significantly lower than those in the Ctrl group both before pregnancy and on GD18 (P<0.01 or P<0.05). On GD18, the weight gain during pregnancy in the VDD group was significantly lower than that in the Ctrl group (P<0.01). Compared to the Ctrl group, the protein expression levels of VDR, DBP, and CYP27B1 in the placental tissue of the VDD group were significantly downregulated (P<0.01), and the levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)₂D were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The placental diameter and weight in the VDD group were significantly lower than those in the Ctrl group (P<0.01). The expression levelof MMP2 protein was significantly downregulated (P<0.05), while the expression level of E-cadherin protein was significantly upregulated (P<0.05). The number of embryo implantations, live fetuses, embryo weight, and crown-rump length in the VDD group were significantly lower than those in the Ctrl group (P<0.01), and the number of resorbed fetuses was significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared to the Ctrl group, the expression level of PAR1 protein in the placenta of the VDD group was significantly downregulated (P<0.01). Conclusion Maternal vitamin D deficiency during gestation significantly downregulates placental PAR1 expression, leading to placental developmental disorders and fetal growth retardation.

Objective To investigate the potential association between maternal total fluid intake at 3 months of infant age and breastfeeding practices and duration. Methods The study was embedded in the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort. Information on total fluid intake for postpartum women was collected via telephone interviews at 3 months of infant age. Total fluid intake was categorized by quartiles. Information on breastfeeding practices and duration was collected via telephone interviews at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of infant age. Breastfeeding practice was divided into full breastfeeding (FBF) and any breastfeeding (ABF). Logistic and multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the association of total fluid intake with breastfeeding practices and duration. Results Among 2483 postpartum women-infants, 1350 (54.4%) and 966 (38.9%) received FBF at 3 and 6 months of infant age, respectively, and 2056 (82.8%), 1774 (71.4%), and 646 (36.8%) received ABF at 3, 6, and 12 months of infant age, respectively. The medium (interquartile range) of total fluid intake was 1600 ml (1250-2000 ml). About 2352 (94.7%) did not meet the recommended intake (2600ml). Compared to the mothers with the highest quartile of total fluid intake, those with the lowest quartile of total fluid intake were more likely to cease FBF at 3 months (OR=3.87; 95% CI = 3.03–4.96) and at 6 months (OR=3.05; 95% CI=2.38–3.92) of infant age, and to cease ABF at 12 months of infant age (OR=1.67; 95% CI=1.28–2.17). However, among mother-infants who received FBF at 3 months of infant age, fluid intake at 3 months of infant age was not significantly associated with breastfeeding practices at 6 and 12 months of infant age. Additionally, compared to the mothers with the highest quartile of total fluid intake, those with the lowest quartile of total fluid intake were more likely to cease breastfeeding early (adjusted β=－1.22; 95% CI=－1.85–0.58). Conclusion The postpartum women with lower total fluid intake were more likely to cease breastfeeding. Short duration of breastfeeding was positively associated with limited total fluid intake in postpartum women.

Objective To review the effects of choline on early childhood cognitive function and growth development, middle-age and elderly cognitive function, metabolic associated fatty liver disease, body composition, cancer, risk of mortality. Methods Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and SinoMed from 2003.01 to 2024.05 were searched for systematic reviews, meta-analysis and prospective studies related to the association between choline and health outcomes. Results A total of 90 studies from 34655 papers were included. We found that: (1) higher choline intake was correlated with better cognitive function such as memory, language, learning, attention, and executive function in infants and children aged 6 months to 7 years; (2) choline intake was positively correlated with the height and weight of infants, and could also improve growth (such as body weight and head circumference) in infants with prenatal alcohol exposure; (3) higher intake of choline showed a significant association with enhanced cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults, which contributed to reduced Alzheimer's disease incidence and attenuated progression of dementia-related symptoms; (4) choline intake could reduce the risk of fatty liver disease; (5) serum choline was associated with improved body composition; (6) no significant association was observed between choline and the overall risk of cancers or the risk of all-cause mortality. Conclusion Choline is closely associated with a variety of beneficial health outcomes. Choline-rich foods should be reasonably consumed as part of a healthy diet to obtain maximum health benefits.

In emergency scenarios such as floods, mining disasters, earthquakes and epidemics, the metabolism and nutritional needs of the populations undergo significant changes. Malnutrition increases morbidity and mortality in disaster-affected populations, and thereby targeted nutritional support is crucial. We outline the nutritional risks faced by the populations and their intervention strategies in different emergency scenarios. The nutritional risks such as insufficient intakes of energy, protein and micronutrients are discussed and the nutritional interventions are proposed, so as to provide scientific basis for the development of highly adaptable and functional emergency life-saving foods.

Objective To explore the association between the levels of major carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene) in mature breast milk of postpartum women in Shanghai and the allergic reactions in infants, so as to provide a scientific theoretical framework and strategic basis for the prevention and management of allergic reactions in infants. Methods Healthy singleton full-term lactating women and their newborns were recruited from the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department of Xinhua hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to August 2019. Mature breast milk samples were collected from women within 200 to 400 days postpartum. Baby's allergy status from birth to the day of breast milk collection was also investigated. High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect the contents of carotenoids in breast milks. Mann Whitney U test and logistic regression were used to analyze the association between carotenoid levels in breast milks and allergic reactions in infants. Results A total of 200 pairs of maternal and infant data were included. Lutein was the most abundant carotenoid in the analyzed breast milks. Among them, 70 infants and young children reported a history of allergies. The Mann Whitney U test indicated that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the contents of lutein and zeaxanthin in breast milks between infants with allergic symptoms and those without allergic symptoms. Logistic regression analysis further showed that as the lutein content in mature breast milks gradually increased, the risk of allergic symptoms in infants gradually decreased (OR=0.843, 95% CI: 0.714-0.996),while other carotenoid levels were not significantly associated with allergic risk. Conclusion The level of lutein in breast milk has a positive impact on allergic reactions in infants. Therefore, the intake level of lutein during early life development in infants may have important clinical significance.

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders. Zinc is the only identified endogenous ligand for G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) to date. GPR39 is widely distributed in the nervous system. Recent studies have shown a close association between zinc and its receptor GPR39 and depression. Abnormal expression and functional changes of GPR39 can affect neurotransmitter balance and neural plasticity, thereby influencing the development of depression. Agonists of GPR39 have shown certain potential application value in the prevention and treatment of depression.

Objective To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of sodium butyrate (NaB) on dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice. Methods Thirty-eight 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, NaB (500 mg/(kg·d) ig) group and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) group (150mg/(kg·d )ig). NaB administration commenced 3 days before DSS induction and continued throughout the experimental period. During molding with DSS, the control group received sterile water, while the other three groups were given 2.5% DSS for 6 days and followed by sterile water until sacrifice. On day 7, mice were euthanized for colon length measurement and tissue weight analysis. The body weight, disease activity index (DAI) and colon length among different groups were compared. Colon pathology was evaluated via HE staining, and the number of goblet cells in the colon was observed after AB-PAS staining. To assess the degrees of ferroptosis, GSH, Fe2+, MDA levels and SOD activity were measured. The WB method was used to detect the expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11 and the phosphorylation levels of ERK and STAT3. IHC was used to detect the expression level of GPX4. Results Compared to the control group, the model group exhibited significant weight loss (P<0.001), elevated DAI (P<0.001), and shortened colon length (P<0.001). HE staining showed colon cell infiltration, shallow crypt, disappeared villi structure. The AB-PAS staining showed that the number of goblet cells was decreased. Meanwhile, both decreased expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11(P<0.05, P<0.05) and suppressed phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3 (P<0.05, P<0.05) indicated that ERK and STAT3 phosphorylation were inhibited and ferroptosis occured. Compared to the model group, the NaB group displayed reduced DAI (P<0.01), increased colon length (P<0.001). HE staining showed that colon structure was recoved AB-PAS staining indicated increased goblet cells. GSH level and SOD activity were increased (P<0.01, P<0.01), while MDA and Fe2+ levels decreased significantly (P<0.01, P<0.01). GPX4 and SLC7A11 protein expressions were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3 was significantly enhanced (P<0.05, P<0.05). Conclusion Sodium butyrate may play a protective role in inflammatory bowel disease through ERK and STAT3 phosphorylation and ferroptosis inhibition.

Objective To investigate the protective action and molecular mechanisms of fucoxanthin (Fx) on cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice. Methods Fifty mice were divided into a control group (n = 10) and an experimental group (n = 40). The experimental group received an intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (7 mg/kg) once per week for four consecutive weeks to induce kidney injury. The experimental group was then further divided into four subgroups: model group, positive drug amifostine group (10 mg/kg), low-dose Fx group (50 mg/(kg·d)), and high-dose Fx group [100 mg/(kg·d)]. The normal and model groups received a standard diet, while the other three groups underwent respective interventions for another four weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed to measure serum levels of creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA). Oxidative enzyme activity, inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as kidney injury markers kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were assessed in kidney tissues. Histopathological changes in the kidney were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expressions of oxidative stress-related nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) family members and ferroptosis-related glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) proteins. Immunohistochemistry was also used to observe Nrf2 and GPX4 protein levels in kidney tissues. Results Fx intervention reduced serum CRE, BUN, and UA levels in mice, decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in the kidney, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and lowered KIM-1 and NGAL levels. Renal histopathological changes were also improved. Additionally, Fx increased the expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and GPX4 proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Fx treatment led to increased Nrf2 and GPX4 protein expression in kidney tissues. Conclusion Fx protests against cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice. The mechanism may involve alleviation of inflammation and oxidative stress, and inhibition of ferroptosis via activation of the Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway.

Objective To study the effects of hydroethanolic extract of Cydonia oblonga Mill. (HECO) on fatty liver induced by high fat diet in mice and its potential mechanism. Methods Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to the control group (CON), high-fat diet group (HFD), and HECO intervention group (HECO). The latter two groups were fed with a high-fat diet. HECO group were additionally treated with 200 mg/(kg·d) HECO by oral gavage. The intervention lasted for 12 weeks, followed by liver histology examination, measurements of serum and hepatic lipid levels, hepatic function, as well as the oxidative stress biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines, lipid metabolism genes expression, NF-kB p65 phosphorylation and Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Results Compared with the HFD group, HECO significantly decreased body weight, inhibited hepatic lipid deposition, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels in serum (P<0.05). HECO also significantly decreased hepatic TG, TC and free fatty acid levels, increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and elevated glutathione level. Meanwhile, hepatic MDA, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were reduced. The expressions of lipogenesis genes, Srebp1c, Fasn, Acc1, and Scd1 were downregulated, and the expressions of fatty acid transport and β oxidation genes, Cpt1α, Fgf21, Cd36 and Fabp1 were upregulated. Additionally, HECO significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB and enhanced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 (P<0.05). Conclusion HECO is effective in preventing metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease possibly by maintaining hepatic redox status, inhibiting inflammation and improving lipid metabolism.

Objective To investigate the effects of S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) overexpression on high fat and methionine induced atherosclerosis (AS). Methods ApoE^-/- mice were fed a high-fat, high-methionine diet, with adenovirus-mediated SAHH overexpression intervention. The changes in body weight, food intake, blood lipid profiles, methionine metabolism indicators [(S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), homocysteine (Hcy) levels, and SAM/SAH ratio)] were observed. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Oil Red O staining were used to evaluate the aortic sinus AS plaque size. Immunofluorescence staining and chemiluminescence staining were used to assess inflammation, cell proliferation, and oxidative stress in the aortic sinus. RNA sequencing was used to explore the impact of SAHH overexpression on key signaling pathways associated with AS. Results Compared to the control group, the SAHH overexpression group showed significantly lower plasma levels of SAH [(53.71 ± 5.43) nmol/L vs (31.79 ± 4.67 nmol/L) ] and SAM [(146.65±6.21) nmol/L vs (113.22±8.74) nmol/L), while the SAM/SAH ratio (2.76 ± 0.32) vs (3.61 ± 0.59) and Hcy [(10.58±2.94 ) μmol/L vs (14.87±2.36) μmol/L)] were significantly higher. The relative area of aortic sinus atherosclerotic plaques (0.19±0.07 vs 0.16±0.05) significantly decreased. Inflammation and cell proliferation markers, including cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), Ki-67 antigen (Ki-67), and proliferating cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), were reduced. The average fluorescence intensity measured by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining was significantly decreased. Transcriptome analysis indicated that SAHH overexpression downregulated pro-inflammatory genes [interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) ] and upregulated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative genes (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα), heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), alpha-smooth muscle actin(Acta2) expression. KEGG analysis revealed significant enrichment of cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction genes. Conclusion SAHH overexpression exerts a protective action against high fat and methionine induced atherosclerosis.

As dietary structure changes, obesity has become increasingly prominent in China. The article summarized the current prevalence of obesity in China, changes in dietary patterns, and the relationships between them. The main dietary patterns in China included traditional dietary patterns (northern pattern, southern pattern), Eastern healthy diet pattern, westernized characteristics dietary patterns (modern dietary pattern, meat pattern), vegetarian pattern, and lacto-ovo-vegetarian pattern. Among them, modern dietary pattern and meat pattern were associated with an increased risk of obesity, whose increasing consumption trend was potentially a major factor contributing to the obesity epidemic in China. Southern dietary pattern and Eastern healthy diet pattern were negatively associated with the risk of obesity, which may improve the obesity problem among Chinese adults.

Objective To explore the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth outcomes among Chinese women. Methods We collected data on pre-pregnancy BMI, prenatal weight, and birth outcomes. Total GWG was calculated and categorized as insufficient, appropriate, or excessive based on the Chinese health standard (WS/T 801-2022) and the IOM 2009 guidelines. Adverse birth outcomes included small vulnerable newborns (SVN: small for gestational age, low birth weight, or preterm birth), large-sized newborns (large for gestational age or macrosomia). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between GWG and adverse birth outcomes, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated. Results A total of 8,126 mother-infant pairs were included in the study. According to the WS/T 801, 7.6%, 42.3%, and 50.1% of the women had insufficient, appropriate, or excessive GWG, respectively, while under the IOM 2009, these proportions were 23.7%, 42.1%, and 34.2%, respectively. Among infants, 12.7% were SVN, 12.8% were large-sized newborns, and 24.5% presented with adverse birth outcomes. Based on the WS/T801, compared with the normal pre-pregnancy BMI and appropriate weight gain group, the OR (95% CI) for SVN in the pre-pregnancy underweight and normal BMI groups with insufficient weight gain were 2.00 (1.38, 2.90) and 1.77 (1.32, 2.36), respectively. For large-sized newborns, the OR (95% CI) in the excessive weight gain group were 1.66 (1.18, 2.34) and 2.21 (1.84, 2.65), respectively. In the pre-pregnancy overweight/obese group, the OR (95% CI) for large-sized newborns among those with excessive weight gain during pregnancy was 3.38 (2.73, 4.18). Among the normal pre-pregnancy BMI group and the pre-pregnancy overweight/obese group, the OR (95% CI) for adverse birth outcomes in those with excessive weight gain were 1.15 (1.01, 1.32) and 1.53 (1.29, 1.82), respectively. In the pre-pregnancy underweight and normal BMI groups, the OR (95% CI) for adverse birth outcomes in those with insufficient weight gain were 1.33 (1.01, 1.74) and 1.47 (1.03, 2.10), respectively. Based on the IOM criteria, the OR (95% CI) for adverse birth outcomes in the pre-pregnancy overweight or obese group with appropriate weight gain was 1.38 (1.10, 1.72). Conclusion Both the WS/T 801 and IOM 2009 criteria can reduce the risk of adverse birth outcomes. The WS/T 801 standard is more conducive to guiding Chinese women in preventing SVN and large-sized newborns, and thereby achieving favorable birth outcomes.

Objective To explore the effect of different acute high-altitude exposure durations on appetite and intestinal flora in mice. Methods Thiry SPF C57BL/6J male mice aged 7-8 weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups, with 10 mice in each group: plain control group (group P), acute plateaus 1 day group (group G1), and acute plateaus 7 days group (group G7). Among them, Group G7 was transferred to the plateau environment simulation cabin (simulated altitude of 5 000 m) immediately after the experiment began until the experiment ended. Group P was fed in the plain animal house. Group G1 was fed in the plain animal house for 3 days, and then transferred to the simulated cabin of plateau environment (simulated altitude of 5 000 m) for 1 day. During the experiment, the body weight and food intake were recorded every day. At the end of the environmental simulation, feces samples were collected into freezing tube, and blood samples were collected from orbital vein and serum was separated. The contents of NPY and PYY in the serum were determined by ELISA kits. After DNA extraction from mouse feces samples, the V3-V4 region in the variable region of 16S rDNA was selected for PCR amplification, DNA sequencing analysis and functional classification annotation. Results The acute plateaus exposure obviously inhibited the appetite of mice, and at the same time caused the weight loss. After entering the plateau, serum content of PYY increased and the NPY decreased. Among them, there was a significant difference between the group G1 and the group P (P<0.05). The low-pressure hypoxia exposure affected the composition of intestinal flora diversity in mice. The relative abundance of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium decreased, while the relative abundance of Enterococcus increased. The functional annotation results of COG gene showed that the functional characteristics of carbohydrates, amino acids and energy metabolism in the intestinal flora were increased. Rapid entry into the plateau environment adversely affected the generation and transformation of energy in intestinal flora and the expression of related genes such as biosynthesis, transport and catabolism of secondary metabolites. Conclusion Acute high-altitude exposure significantly suppresses the appetite and affected the composition of intestinal flora diversity.

Objective To explore the effects of manganese supplementation on lung inflammation in obese asthmatic mice exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) and to provide new insights for clinical treatment. Methods Sixty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups: control group (CON), obesity group (HF), asthma group (OVA), obese asthma group (HF+OVA), and obese asthmatic manganese intervention group (Mn, hereinafter referred to as the Mn intervention group), with 12 mice in each group. Groups HF, HF+OVA, and Mn were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks, and the other two groups were fed a control diet. Mice in the OVA, HF+OVA, and Mn intervention groups were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of 200 μl of 0.05 mg/ml OVA sensitization solution on the first day of the 9th, 10th, and 11th weeks. On the 12th week, mice were treated by nasal drip 50 μl of 0.05 mg/ml OVA saline solution for 3 consecutive days to induce asthma. During the feeding period of high-fat diet, the Mn intervention group received 1 mg/kg MnCl2 intranasally every two days to induce asthma. After the last nasal drip exposure, asthmatic behavioral changes were observed and airway hyperresponsiveness was measured. Body weight was measured every fortnight during the modeling period, body composition was measured after 12 weeks. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in lung tissues. White blood cells in mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted and classified. The Mn contents in the serum and lung tissues were detected, and the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in BALF were analyzed. Results Compared with the CON group, the mice in the HF group gained 12.4% in body weight, while the HF+OVA group gained 23.2%. The body fat ratios increased by 46.1% and 67.7% in the HF and HF+OVA groups, indicating the obesity model was successfully constructed. The mice in the OVA and HF+OVA groups showed symptoms such as nose scratching and nodding breathing, with increased airway hyperresponsiveness, indicating that the asthma model was established. Significant pathological changes were observed in the lung tissue of asthma mice, with an increased number of inflammatory cells and elevated levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. These symptoms were more pronounced in HF+OVA mice (P0.05). Compared with the HF+OVA group, mice in the Mn intervention group showed a 17.9% reduction in body weight and a 27.4% reduction in body fat ratio. Meanwhile, asthma symptoms were mitigated, airway hyperresponsiveness decreased, and pathological damages to lung tissues reduced. The number of inflammatory cells was decreased, and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α levels declined (P0.05). Conclusion Mn supplementation protects against inflammatory responses in the lungs of obese asthmatic mice, and its mechanism is related to inhibited inflammatory responses.

Objective To investigate the effects of apple polyphenol extract (APE) on the changes of hepatic lipid metabolism induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice with acute ulcerative colitis (UC) and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Thirty male C57BL/6 mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into three groups, namely control (CON), DSS model (DSS) and DSS model treated with APE (AD). All mice were fed the chow diet. Mice in CON group were given distilled water for 6 weeks. For mice in the DSS group, distilled water was provided for the first 5 weeks and 3% DSS (m/v) solution in drinking water was given for the last week. For mice in the AD group, distilled water was provided provided for the first 5 weeks and 3% DSS (m/v) solution in drinking water was given for the last week, simultaneously with 500 mg/(kg·bw) APE gavage for 6 weeks. After the intervention, blood samples from the angular vein were obtained, while colon and liver were collected for subsequent histological examination. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to detect the mRNA expression of genes related to hepatic lipid metabolism. Results APE intervention significantly reduced DAI scores in UC mice, ameliorated colonic pathological damages, diminished hepatic lipid deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration, reduced NAS, and along with significantly reduced serum levels of TG, AST, ALT, as well as levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Further mRNA analysis showed that compared with the CON group, the mRNA expression levels of the fatty acid oxidation-related genes Pparα, fatty acid uptake gene Cd36, lipolysis gene Atgl, cholesterol reverse transporter genes Abcg8, bile acid synthesis genes Cyp7a1 and the key regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism Sirt1 were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The mRNA levels of Acc, Tgr5, ‌proinflammatory cytokine Tnf-α and Il-6 were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the DSS group, APE intervention significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of Sirt1, Sr-b1 and Lxrα (P<0.05),reduced the mRNA expression levels of Acc, Tgr5 and Tnf-α (P<0.05). Conclusion APE improves acute UC-associated hepatic lipid metabolism abnormalities by regulating the mRNA levels of hepatic lipid metabolism-related genes.

Objective To explore the effect of vitamin D on oleic acid (OA)-induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes through the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) pathway. Methods HepG2 cells were divided into three groups. The control group was not treated. The OA group was treated with OA (0.5mmol/L) to induce lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells, and the OA+VD group was treated with OA (0.5mmol/L) and 1,25(OH)₂D₃ (0.05mmol/L). The lipid accumulation in the cells was observed by Oil Red O staining. FXR expression in the nucleus was observed with the merged images, in which the expression of FXR in the cells was detected with immunofluorescence staining and that in the cell nuclei were labeled with DAPI. The protein expressions of FXR, SREBP-1c, SCD-1, FAS, PPARα, and CPT-1A were assayed by Western blot. Results Compared with the control group, OA treatment resulted in significant intracellular lipid droplet accumulation, and was significantly ameliorated by the simultaneous treatment of 1,25(OH)₂D₃. The results of mechanistic investigations revealed that 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly enhanced the protein expression of FXR in the nuclei compared to the OA treatment. Meanwhile, 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment also significantly down-regulated the expression of key proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis (SREBP-1c, SCD-1, and FAS) and up-regulated the expression of key proteins involved in β-oxidation of fatty acid (PPARα and CPT-1A). Conclusion 1,25(OH)2D3 has the potential to ameliorate OA-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells via the FXR pathway.

Objective To investigate the effect of curcumin on sleep disorder in mice exposed to confined environmental conditions. Methods Thirty-six male KM mice were randomly assigned to the control group (CON), model group (M), and curcumin group (J). The CON group was kept under the usual conditions in the animal house. The M group and J group were restrained for 4h in a biorhythm box under the altered light condition. The light condition in one cycle was as follows: the light time was opposite to that of the CON group in the first 3d, and returned to the normal from the 4th to the 6th. Group J was given 100 mg/ (kg·bw) curcumin by gavage daily, group con and M was given an equal amount of saline.The experiment lasted for 30 d. The mice were injected intraperitoneally with sodium pentobarbital to induce sleep, and the sleep latency and duration were recorded. Finally mice were sacrificed and the serum and hypothalamus tissues were taken. The contents of cortisol (CORT), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in serum and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in hypothalamus tissues were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expressions of hypothalamus-associated clock genes were detected by RT-qPCR. Results The results of the sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep test showed that curcumin significantly shortened sleep latency (P<0.01) and prolonged sleep time (P<0.01). Meanwhile curcumin significantly reduced serum CORT, ACTH, and CRH levels compared with the group M (P<0.01, P<0.05). In the hypothalamus-related neurotransmitters, 5-HT content was significantly increased (P<0.01) and DA content was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in group J compared with group M. Curcumin could regulate the expressions of biorhythmic genes (Clock, Bmal1, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, Rev-erbα/β) in the hypothalamus. Conclusion Curcumin improves sleep disorder by modulating the expression of related biorhythmic genes and altering related serum hormones and hypothalamic neurotransmitters.

Objective The reliability and validity of a self-designed Simplified Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ) for middle-aged and elderly population were evaluated, in order to provide a simple and reliable tool for dietary surveys in local residents. Methods A total of 145 subjects were randomly recruited from selected communities in Chengdu from October 2022 to January 2023. The first SFFQ and 3-days 24-h dietary recall were conducted at the beginning, and the second SFFQ and 3-days 24-h dietary recall were conducted 4 weeks later. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire by comparing the energy / nutrients / foods correlations between the two SFFQs, and the validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by comparing the correlation between the mean of two SFFQs and the mean of two 3-days 24-h dietary recalls. Results For the two SFFQs, the Spearman correlation coefficient (r) of energy and nutrients was from 0.380 to 0.637, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was from 0.253 to 0.558. The r of the foods was from 0.318 to 0.703, and the ICC was from 0.140 to 0.674. The r between energy and nutrients intakes by SFFQ and 3-days 24-h dietary recall ranged from 0.412 to 0.771 and from 0.186 to 0.883 for foods. It was shown in the Bland-Altman analysis that scatter points were almost distributed within the 95% limits of the agreement. Conclusion The reliability and validity of the SFFQ designed in this study are reasonable, and application in evaluating energy and nutrients intakes in middle-aged and elderly people are expected.

In recent years, the different types of vitamin K have shown potential health effects on prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, improvement of cardiovascular disease, prevention of diabetes and some types of cancer, in addition to coagulation function. In this review, the physiological function of vitamin K, and the similarities and differences between vitamin K₁ and vitamin K₂ in terms of their absorption, transport, storage and excretion in the human body are discussed. The effects of different types of vitamin K, dietary composition and gene polymorphism (APOE, VKOR, CYP4F2, etc.) on vitamin K metabolism were also outlined to provide a reference for future study and the development of dietary reference intakes.

Objective To design and develop a national nutrition and health assessment system. Methods By integrating the “Internet +” and cloud platform technology, smart mobile terminal of mobile phones and PAD, mini APP, auxiliary measurement and wearable devices, the national nutrition and health assessment system was developed. Results This system includes a management platform, a professional version of a dietary survey APP, a dietary assistance survey mini program, and a home nutrition and health monitoring APP. The management platform includes system management, project management, questionnaire management, dietary survey, physical examination, laboratory examination, physical activity survey, electronic questionnaire survey, data quality control, statistical analysis, individual evaluation, educational management and so on. The surveyed subjects can record their dietary information in real-time through a dietary assistance survey mini program, and the dietary information will be synchronized to the professional version of the dietary survey APP automatically to reduce recall errors. Data such as blood pressure, blood sugar and exercise are automatically transmitted through sphygmomanometer, blood glucose meter and kitchen scale, etc. Conclusion This system provides a tool for high-quality and refined implementation of nutritional health surveys, which can reduce dietary survey time, decrease recall errors, provide image references for professional investigators to estimate food weight, and improve survey efficiency and effectiveness.